{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T12:54:12Z","timestamp":1754398452214},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,1]],"date-time":"2007-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1185926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. pediatr. gastroenterol. nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic> infection is probably acquired in childhood and causes a vigorous immune response. It is unclear why only a subgroup of infected children develops peptic ulcer disease. We have previously reported that iceA1 strains tend to be associated with duodenal disease in children. However, the pathogenesis probably does not depend solely on the <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic> strain but also on the variability of the host response.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to assess the significance of tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 (TNF\u2010\u03b1) promoter polymorphism in relation to infection with <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic> strains in children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 113 antral biopsies of <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic>\u2013positive children (ages 2\u201318 years) were analyzed. Of these, 23 had duodenal disease, including erosive duodenitis and\/or duodenal ulceration, and 90 had gastritis only. <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic> infection was diagnosed by bacterial culture and histology. Patient genomic DNA extracted from the antral biopsy was used to characterize the genetic polymorphism of TNF\u2010\u03b1 promoter at nucleotide positions \u2212308 and \u2212238 by polymerase chain reaction\u2013based restriction fragment\u2010length polymorphism. All <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic> strains were examined for cytotoxin\u2010associated gene A and induced\u2010by\u2010contact\u2010with\u2010epithelium gene (<jats:italic>iceA1<\/jats:italic>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 31% of children with duodenal disease were infected with <jats:italic>iceA1<\/jats:italic> positive strains and had the \u2212238 G to A polymorphism in the TNF\u2010\u03b1 gene vs only 1.6% of children with gastritis alone (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0005).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The combination of bacterial <jats:italic>iceA1<\/jats:italic> and TNF\u2010\u03b1 238 G to A polymorphism may be a risk factor for peptic ulcer disease in children infected with <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic>. Larger studies are needed to confirm this association.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/mpg.0b013e3180616bbe","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,24]],"date-time":"2007-07-24T08:03:14Z","timestamp":1185264194000},"page":"199-203","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Combination of <i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i> Strain and Tumor Necrosis Factor\u2010\u03b1 Polymorphism of the Host Increases the Risk of Peptic Ulcer Disease in Children"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Wilschanski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit Division of Pediatrics Hadassah University Hospital Jerusalem Israel"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yechiel","family":"Schlesinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Infectious 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