{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T22:00:21Z","timestamp":1784757621632,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,1]],"date-time":"2009-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1251763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. pediatr. gastroenterol. nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although infection with <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic> in children mostly induces asymptomatic chronic gastritis, the clinical outcome of <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic> infection is generally unpredictable. To identify the risk subgroup of infected children who can progress toward serious gastrointestinal disease, we assessed the prevalence of <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic> virulence genes <jats:italic>cagA, vacA<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>iceA<\/jats:italic> in children from southeastern Europe and correlated their presence with the severity of histological changes in the stomach.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 165 children (age range 4\u201318 years, mean 13 years) with <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic> infection were studied for a 6\u2010year period. Virulence genes were determined by polymerase chain reaction from biopsy samples.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The <jats:italic>cagA<\/jats:italic> gene was present in 61.2% of patients. The predominant <jats:italic>vacA<\/jats:italic> genotype was <jats:italic>s1m1<\/jats:italic> (42%), followed by <jats:italic>s1m2<\/jats:italic> (28%), and <jats:italic>s2m2<\/jats:italic> (24%). <jats:italic>IceA<\/jats:italic> genotypes <jats:italic>iceA1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>iceA2<\/jats:italic> were detected in 62% and 31% of the samples, respectively. Multiple genotypes were found in 11.5% of isolates. The <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic> density score, the degree of chronic and acute inflammation, correlated with a <jats:italic>cagA<\/jats:italic>\u2010positive status (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.01, respectively). Higher bacterial infiltration (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01) and degree of chronic inflammation (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.03) were detected in <jats:italic>vacA s1<\/jats:italic>\u2013positive samples.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>CagA, vacA s1m1<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>iceA1<\/jats:italic> genotypes are the predominant genotypes of <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic> isolated from the southeastern European pediatric population. <jats:italic>CagA<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>vacA s1<\/jats:italic> are important virulence determinants of <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic> in children, but were not found associated with an increased incidence of precancerous gastric lesions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/mpg.0b013e31818f09f2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,24]],"date-time":"2009-08-24T03:12:00Z","timestamp":1251083520000},"page":"289-296","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Prevalence and Clinical Relevance of <i>cagA, vacA,<\/i> and <i>iceA<\/i> Genotypes of <i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i> Isolated From Slovenian Children"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Matja\u017e","family":"Homan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Division of Pediatrics University Medical Center Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo\u0161tjan","family":"Luzar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology Faculty of Medicine University of Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo\u0161tjan J","family":"Kocjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rok","family":"Orel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Division of Pediatrics University Medical Center Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Mo\u010dilnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Kveder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Poljak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199405053301803"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.49.3.347"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc703"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000050662"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.48.6.743"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3180616bbe"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-007-9850-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(98)70365-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","first-page":"531","article-title":"Adherence to gastric epithelial cells induces expression of a Helicobacter pylori gene, iceA, that is associated with clinical outcome","volume":"110","author":"Peek RM","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc Assoc Am Physicians"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2007.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315394"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.56.4.287"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.1999.tb01285.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-5378.1999.99304.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315262"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.8.2853-2857.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-003-0021-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.5.1746-1750.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1536-4801.2002.tb07929.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.7.2274-2279.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70065-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315864"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s100960000366"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.4.1348-1352.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-200110000-00021"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200212000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(03)00034-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-5378.2003.00120.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-8244(03)00024-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-002-0865-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2004.01980.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2006.tb02323.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00732.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199610000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.10.4512-4518.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00019606-199708000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI12672"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra020542"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.25.14648"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2004.08.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/515600"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.30.17771"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(00)00054-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/003655201750065861"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19930115)71:2<297::AID-CNCR2820710205>3.0.CO;2-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/hupa.2001.20889"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1536-4801.2003.tb08113.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1536-4801.2003.tb11999.x"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31818f09f2","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T08:52:21Z","timestamp":1705567941000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31818f09f2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,9]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31818f09f2"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/mpg.0b013e31818f09f2","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-2116","1536-4801"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-2116","type":"print"},{"value":"1536-4801","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,9]]}}}