{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T10:48:54Z","timestamp":1792838934290,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,1]],"date-time":"2009-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. pediatr. gastroenterol. nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a worldwide problem and can cause acute liver failure, acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and liver cancer. In areas of high prevalence such as in Asia, Africa, southern Europe, and Latin America, the hepatitis B surface antigen positive rate ranges from 2% to 20%.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In endemic areas, HBV infection occurs mainly during infancy and early childhood. Mother\u2010to\u2010infant transmission accounts for approximately half of the chronic HBV infections. In contrast to infection in adults, HBV infection during early childhood results in a much higher rate of persistent infection and long\u2010term serious complications such as liver cirrhosis and HCC.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Three phases of chronic hepatitis B have been identified: the immune\u2010tolerant phase, the immune\u2010active phase, and the inactive hepatitis B phase. These phases of infection are characterized by variations in viral replication, hepatic inflammation, spontaneous clearance, and response to antiviral therapy.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The optimal goal of antiviral therapy for chronic HBV infection is to eradicate HBV and to prevent its related liver complications. However, due to the limited effect of available therapies in viral eradication, the goal of treatment is to reduce viral replication, to minimize liver injury, and to reduce infectivity. In this review the current recommendations for monitoring and treating chronic HBV infection in children are reviewed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/mpg.0b013e318197196e","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,21]],"date-time":"2009-05-21T13:41:28Z","timestamp":1242913288000},"page":"399-404","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Management of Chronic Hepatitis B in Children"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Uzma","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School Dubai Center Dubai Health Care City Dubai UAE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deirdre","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Unit Birmingham Children's Hospital NHS Trust and University of Birmingham Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei\u2010Hwei","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics National Taiwan University Hospital Taipei"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoo","family":"Fujisawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Center for Health and Development Yokohama East Hospital Yokohama City Kanagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solange","family":"Heller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Nutrition Department Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico Federico G\u00f3mez M\u00e9xico D.F. Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regino P","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez\u2010Peralta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition University of Florida College of Medicine Gainesville"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paloma","family":"Jara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Head of Pediatric Hepatology and Transplantation Service Pediatric University Hospital La Paz Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgina","family":"Mieli\u2010Vergani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Director of Paediatric Liver Centre King's College Hospital Denmark Hill London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neelam","family":"Mohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatology and Pediatric Liver Transplantation Department of Pediatrics Centre of Child Health Sir Ganga Ram Hospital New Delhi India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen F","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatobiliary Program Seattle Children's Hospital Seattle WA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840150505"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840120406"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840220508"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840130218"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21077"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LokA McMohanBJ.Chronic hepatitis B. 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