{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T10:49:04Z","timestamp":1792838944727,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,1]],"date-time":"2009-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1249084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. pediatr. gastroenterol. nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Autoimmune hepatitis is characterized by inflammatory liver histology, circulating nonorgan\u2010specific autoantibodies, and increased levels of immunoglobulin G, in the absence of a known etiology. Two types of juvenile autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) are recognized according to seropositivity for smooth muscle and\/or anti\u2010nuclear antibody (AIH type 1) or liver kidney microsomal antibody (AIH type 2). There is a female predominance in both. AIH type 2 presents more acutely, at a younger age and commonly with immunoglobulin A deficiency, whereas duration of symptoms before diagnosis, clinical signs, family history of autoimmunity, presence of associated autoimmune disorders, response to treatment, and long\u2010term prognosis are similar in the 2 groups. Immunosuppressive treatment with steroids and azathioprine, which should be instituted promptly to avoid progression to cirrhosis, induces remission in 80% of cases. Relapses are common, often due to nonadherence. Drugs effective in refractory cases include cyclosporine and mycophenolate mofetil. Long\u2010term treatment is usually required, with only some 20% of AIH type 1 patients able to discontinue therapy successfully. In childhood, sclerosing cholangitis with strong autoimmune features, including interface hepatitis and serological features identical to AIH type 1, is as prevalent as AIH, but it affects boys and girls equally. Differential diagnosis relies on cholangiographic studies. In autoimmune sclerosing cholangitis liver parenchymal damage responds satisfactorily to immunosuppressive treatment, whereas bile duct disease tends to progress. In this article we review the state of the art of diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment for children with AIH.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/mpg.0b013e3181a1c265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,16]],"date-time":"2009-07-16T07:21:05Z","timestamp":1247728865000},"page":"158-164","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":145,"title":["Autoimmune Hepatitis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Giorgina","family":"Mieli\u2010Vergani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"King's College London School of Medicine at King's College Hospital London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solange","family":"Heller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Nutrition Department Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico Federico G\u00f3mez M\u00e9xico D.F. Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paloma","family":"Jara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Hepatology and Transplantation Service Pediatric University Hospital La Paz Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Vergani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Liver Studies King's College Hospital London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei\u2010Hwei","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics National Taiwan University Hospital Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoo","family":"Fujisawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Center for Health and Development Yokohama East Hospital Yokohama City Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regino P","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez\u2010Peralta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Hepatology and Liver Transplantation Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition University of Florida College of Medicine Gainesville USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deirdre","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Unit Birmingham Children's Hospital NHS Trust and University of Birmingham Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neelam","family":"Mohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Pediatric Liver Transplantation Department of Pediatrics Centre of Child Health Sir Ganga Ram Hospital New Delhi India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uzma","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MassGeneral Hospital for Children Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen F","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatobiliary Program Seattle Children's Hospital Seattle WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470691861.ch11b"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.22131"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510250308"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199006283222601"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840180435"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(99)80297-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22322"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510240309"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1998.00574.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.20352"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mcg.0000139072.38580.a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780400909"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000992280404300709"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0891693021000054066"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70186-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)92024-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.32092"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2000.01280.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02166-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-9665-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mpg.0000304456.84552.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hepres.2005.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01147.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mpg.0000239735.87111.ba"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","first-page":"438A","article-title":"Long\u2010term daily oral treatment with prednisolone in children with autoimmune liver disease does not affect final adult height","volume":"44","author":"Samaroo B","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2005.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1536-4801.2004.tb12224.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2001.02615.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2223\/1371"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1089-3261(02)00020-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.34944"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.32485"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra050408"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1536-4801.2002.tb07844.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(99)80065-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mpg.0000235975.75120.38"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-2914-4_25"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.27965"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0891693021000056721"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.6.893"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)06478-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2003.10.022"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3181a1c265","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T12:08:32Z","timestamp":1705579712000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3181a1c265"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3181a1c265"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/mpg.0b013e3181a1c265","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-2116","1536-4801"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-2116","type":"print"},{"value":"1536-4801","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]}}}