{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T13:28:13Z","timestamp":1776259693708,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,1]],"date-time":"2010-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1285891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. pediatr. gastroenterol. nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Supplementation with probiotics has been shown to prevent gastrointestinal damage possibly through preservation of growth factors. We tested the hypothesis that probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics supplementation preserves intestinal insulin\u2010like growth factors (IGFs) and epidermal growth factors (EGFs) in formula\u2010fed neonatal rats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>At birth (postnatal day 0 [P0]), neonatal rat pups (n = 18 pups\/group) were either maternally fed or hand\u2010gavaged with formula supplemented with probiotics (Pro\u2010Fed), prebiotics, or synbiotics from P0 to P3. A formula\u2010fed control group received formula without supplementation. At P4, large bowel samples were assessed histologically and assayed for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), soluble VEGF receptor\u20101, IGF\u2010I, IGF\u2010II, and EGF.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>All formula\u2010fed groups were severely growth suppressed with comparable mortalities. Moderate preservation of bowel integrity was noted in the Pro\u2010Fed group. In contrast, severe inflammation was seen in all of the other formula groups. This was associated with significant increases in VEGF levels in all of the formula groups (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05) except the Pre\u2010Fed group. Similar elevations in soluble VEGF receptor\u20101 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05), IGF\u2010I (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05), and EGF (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05) were noted, but statistical significance was achieved only in the Pro\u2010Fed group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Induction of IGF\u2010I and EGF with moderate bowel integrity may represent a protective effect of probiotics against formula\u2010induced inflammation. These data, taken collectively, suggest that probiotics may provide more beneficial effects on the developing large bowel than prebiotics and synbiotics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/mpg.0b013e3181df5ff2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,29]],"date-time":"2010-07-29T21:08:14Z","timestamp":1280437694000},"page":"507-513","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Comparative Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics on Growth Factors in the Large Bowel in a Rat Model of Formula\u2010induced Bowel Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Lawrence","family":"Fordjour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Division of Neonatal\u2010Perinatal Medicine State University of New York Downstate Medical Center USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antoni","family":"D'Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics 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