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This treatment can reduce the biodiversity of the fecal microbiota and may be a factor in the cause of necrotizing enterocolitis. In contrast, probiotic treatment of premature infants reduces the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis. We hypothesized that 1 mechanism for these observations is the influence of bacteria on postnatal development of the mucosal immune system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Expression of immune molecules and microbial sensors was investigated in the postnatal mouse gastrointestinal tract by real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction. Subsequently, 2\u2010week\u2010old specific pathogen\u2010free and microbial\u2010reduced (MR; antibiotic treated) mice were compared for immune molecule and microbial sensor expression, mesenteric lymph node T\u2010cell numbers and activation, intestinal barrier function\/permeability, systemic lymphocyte numbers, and T\u2010cell phenotype commitment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Toll\u2010like receptor 2, 4, and 5 expression was highest in 2\u2010week\u2010old specific pathogen\u2010free mice, and this expression was decreased in MR mice. There was no difference in intestinal tight\u2010junctional function, as evaluated by fluorescein isothiocyanate\u2010dextran uptake, but MR mice had increased bacterial translocation across the intestinal epithelial barrier. MR mice had significantly fewer splenic B cells and mesenteric lymph node CD4+ T cells, but there were normal numbers of splenic T cells. These systemic T cells from MR mice produced more interleukin\u20104 and less interferon\u2010\u03b3 and IL\u201017, indicative of maintenance of the fetal, T\u2010helper cell type 2 phenotype.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study shows that intestinal commensal microbiota have an influence on early postnatal immune development. Determining specific bacteria and\/or bacterial ligands critical for this development could provide insight into the mechanisms by which broad\u2010spectrum antibiotics and\/or probiotic therapy influence the development of the mucosal immune system and mucosal\u2010related diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/mpg.0b013e3181e1a114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,16]],"date-time":"2010-07-16T11:02:21Z","timestamp":1279278141000},"page":"262-273","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Role of Postnatal Acquisition of the Intestinal Microbiome in the Early Development of Immune Function"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Reed A","family":"Dimmitt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth M","family":"Staley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gin","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology University of Alabama at Birmingham USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott M","family":"Tanner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology University of Alabama at Birmingham USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas D","family":"Soltau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin G","family":"Lorenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1104816"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.22.011602.092259"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504978102"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2075"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1317"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V98.9.2745"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2007.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2007.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1104636"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.1.e1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3181344694"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AlfalehK BasslerD. 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