{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T21:32:53Z","timestamp":1792618373736,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,1]],"date-time":"2011-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1304208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. pediatr. gastroenterol. nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of the study was to prospectively determine risk factors for the development of parenteral nutrition\u2013associated liver disease (PNALD) in infants who underwent surgery for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), the most common cause of intestinal failure in children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Patients and Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>From February 2004 to February 2007, we diagnosed 464 infants with NEC, of whom 180 had surgery. One hundred twenty\u2010seven patients were available for full analysis. PNALD was defined as serum direct bilirubin \u22652 mg\/dL or ALT \u22652 \u00d7 the upper limit of normal in the absence of sepsis after \u226514 days of exposure to PN.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Median gestational age was 26 weeks and 68% were boys. Seventy percent of the cohort developed PNALD and the incidence of PNALD varied significantly across the 6 study sites, ranging from 56% to 85% (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.05). Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified small\u2010bowel resection or creation of jejunostomy (odds ratio [OR] 4.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.97\u201312.51, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.0007) and duration of PN in weeks (OR 2.37, 95% CI 1.56\u20133.60, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001) as independent risk factors for PNALD. Preoperative exposure to PN was also associated with the development of PNALD; the risk of PNALD was 2.6 (95% CI 1.5\u20134.7; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.001) times greater in patients with \u22654 weeks of preoperative PN compared with those with less preoperative PN use. Breast milk feedings, episodes of infection, and gestational age were not related to the development of PNALD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The incidence of PNALD is high in infants with NEC undergoing surgical treatment. Risk factors for PNALD are related to signs of NEC severity, including the need for small\u2010bowel resection or proximal jejunostomy, as well as longer exposure to PN. Identification of these and other risk factors can help in the design of clinical trials for the prevention and treatment of PNALD and for clinical assessment of patients with NEC and prolonged PN dependence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/mpg.0b013e31820e8396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,5]],"date-time":"2011-04-05T04:18:51Z","timestamp":1301977131000},"page":"595-600","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Risk Factors for Parenteral Nutrition\u2013associated Liver Disease Following Surgical Therapy for Necrotizing Enterocolitis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Debora","family":"Duro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of GI\/Nutrition Children's Hospital, Boston Harvard Medical School USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul D","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Program Children's Hospital Boston USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie A","family":"Kalish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Program Children's Hospital Boston USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cami","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maggie","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Program Children's Hospital Boston USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Jaksic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Children's Hospital Boston Harvard Medical School MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Dunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery University of California Los Angeles 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