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The negative effects of cow's\u2010milk consumption seem to be limited to iron status up to 9 to 12 months; then no negative effects are observed, provided that cow's milk, up to a maximum daily intake of 500 mL, is adequately complemented with iron\u2010enriched foods. Lactose intolerance can be easily managed and up to 250 mL\/day of milk can be consumed. Allergy to cow's\u2010milk proteins is usually transient. Atopic children may independently be at risk for poor growth, and the contribution of dairy nutrients to their diet should be considered. The connection of cow's milk to autistic spectrum disorders is lacking, and even a cause\u2013effect relation with type 1 diabetes mellitus has not been established because many factors may concur. Although it is true that cow's milk stimulates insulin\u2010like growth factor\u20101 and may affect linear growth, association with chronic degenerative, noncommunicable diseases has not been established. Finally, fat\u2010reduced milk, if needed, should be considered after 24 to 36 months. Cow's milk represents a major source of high nutritional quality protein as well as of calcium. Moreover, it has growth\u2010promoting effects independent of specific compounds. Its protein and fat composition, together with the micronutrient content, is suggestive of a functional food, whose positive effects are emphasised by regular consumption, particularly under conditions of diets poor in some limiting nutrients, although in industrialised countries cow's milk's optimal daily intake should be around 500 mL, adequately complemented with other relevant nutrients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1097\/mpg.0b013e318235b23e","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,4]],"date-time":"2011-10-04T20:58:48Z","timestamp":1317761928000},"page":"594-600","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Is Cow's Milk Harmful to a Child's Health?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Carlo","family":"Agostoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Milan Fondazione IRCCS C\u00e0 Granda\u2014Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan 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