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End\u2010stage liver failure can cause endocrine complications such as growth failure and hepatic osteodystrophy, and, like other chronic illnesses, also pubertal delay, relative adrenal insufficiency, and the sick euthyroid syndrome. Drug\u2010induced diabetes mellitus post\u2010OLT affects approximately 10% of children. Growth failure is found in 60% of children assessed for OLT. Despite optimisation of nutrition, rarely can further stunting of growth before OLT be prevented. Catch\u2010up growth is usually observed after steroid weaning from 18 months post\u2010OLT. Whether growth hormone treatment would benefit the 20% of children who fail to catch up in height requires testing in randomised controlled trials. Hepatic osteodystrophy in children comprises vitamin D deficiency rickets, low bone mass, and fractures caused by malnutrition and malabsorption. Vitamin D deficiency requires aggressive treatment with ergocalciferol (D2) or cholecalciferol (D3). The active vitamin D metabolites alphacalcidol or calcitriol increase gut calcium absorption but do not replace vitamin D stores. Prevalence of fractures is increased both before OLT (10%\u201328% of children) and after OLT (12%\u201338%). Most fractures are vertebral, are associated with low spine bone mineral density, and frequently occur asymptomatically, but they may also cause chronic pain. Fracture prediction in these children is limited. OLT in children is also associated with a greater risk of developing avascular bone necrosis (4%) and scoliosis (13%\u201338%). This article reviews the literature on endocrine and skeletal complications of liver disease and presents preventive screening recommendations and therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1097\/mpg.0b013e31823e9412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,5]],"date-time":"2011-11-05T10:56:37Z","timestamp":1320490597000},"page":"313-321","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Endocrine and Bone Metabolic Complications in Chronic Liver Disease and After Liver Transplantation in Children"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"H\u00f6gler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Baumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology Children's Hospital Hannover Hannover 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