{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T01:33:26Z","timestamp":1772156006139,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]],"date-time":"2013-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000867","name":"Robert Wood Johnson Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000867","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. pediatr. gastroenterol. nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Clinicians often evaluate for\n                      <jats:italic>Clostridium difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection (CDI) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) presenting with exacerbations. A highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for the toxin B gene of\n                      <jats:italic>C difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                      is increasingly used to diagnose CDI. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of positive\n                      <jats:italic>C difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                      PCR results in children and young adults with and without active IBD compared with patients with non\u2010IBD gastrointestinal disease.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fecal samples were obtained from patients with ulcerative colitis (UC, n = 76) or Crohn disease (CD, n = 69) and 51 controls followed in our gastroenterology program. Samples were analyzed for\n                      <jats:italic>C difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                      using a PCR test for the\n                      <jats:italic>C difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                      toxin B gene (BD GeneOhm Cdiff assay). Proportions of positive tests in each group were compared using the Pearson\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      test.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The prevalence of positive PCR results was 11.6% in patients with CD, 18.4% in patients with UC, and 11.8% in controls (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>=<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.25). There were no significant differences in the prevalence of positive\n                      <jats:italic>C difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                      results among patients with IBD with and without active disease or among patients with and without diarrhea.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Positive\n                      <jats:italic>C difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                      PCR results occur with similar frequency in patients with IBD with and without active disease and in patients with other gastrointestinal diseases. A positive result in a highly sensitive PCR assay that detects low copy numbers of a toxin gene in\n                      <jats:italic>C difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                      may reflect colonization in a subset of patients with IBD, confounding clinical decision making in managing disease exacerbations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/mpg.0b013e3182999990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,21]],"date-time":"2013-05-21T13:42:18Z","timestamp":1369143738000},"page":"293-297","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Polymerase Chain Reaction Test for\n                    <i>Clostridium difficile<\/i>\n                    Toxin B Gene Reveals Similar Prevalence Rates in Children With and Without Inflammatory Bowel Disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Esi S.N.","family":"Lamous\u00e9\u2010Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Boston Children's Hospital Boston MA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Boston Children's Hospital Boston MA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard F.","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine Boston Children's Hospital Boston MA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liliane J.","family":"Neinstedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Boston Children's Hospital Boston MA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nima","family":"Mosammaparast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Immunology Washington University in St Louis St Louis MO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Sandora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases Boston Children's Hospital Boston MA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander J.","family":"McAdam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine Boston Children's Hospital Boston MA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Athos","family":"Bousvaros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Boston Children's Hospital Boston MA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365520903497098"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v16.i39.4892"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0706625104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2010.02.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039242"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.10.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3181f97209"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2008.12.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.04125.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1536-4801.1991.tb10287.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-198510000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e318198c984"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.2.730-734.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/522185"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCPTP5XKRSNXVIL"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01983-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01613-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2011.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00309-09"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2011.05.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000151031.47761.6d"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa051590"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2010.04548.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21837"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01630-09"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCPXUM77MFORYSO"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-011-1224-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.56.2.126"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/651706"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.22964"}],"container-title":["Journal 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