{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T20:47:08Z","timestamp":1785530828565,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The study aimed to examine the main characteristics of clinical trials of motor interventions in physical therapy in children with cerebral palsy (CP). The Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) was used to collect information on clinical trials regarding motor outcomes in physical therapy in children with CP. Two reviewers independently screened, selected the studies, and extracted data. The characteristics extracted were CP subtype; age group; gross motor function and manual motor ability; methodological quality; open access status; 2020 journal impact factor, Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) endorsement; primary outcome; intervention adopted, and assessment instruments. The search strategy resulted in 313 articles from 120 different journals. Most of the clinical trials included participants with spastic bilateral subtype, aged between 6 and 12\u2005years old, and with fewer limitations in gross and manual motor abilities. The most used primary outcomes covering the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) domain of activity were gross motor function (18.8%) and upper limb and hand function (16.3%), with the Gross Motor Function Measurement being the most frequently used instrument (19.8%). Articles with better scores on the PEDro scale were published in journals with a higher impact factor, and higher rates of CONSORT endorsement, and most were not open access. Clinical trials investigating motor interventions used in physical therapy for children with CP tend to focus on patients with milder gross and manual motor function impairments and often explore the body function domain of the ICF. Furthermore, these studies have moderate methodological quality, and a substantial proportion of them fail to follow adequate reporting and methodological recommendations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1097\/mrr.0000000000000576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T08:00:29Z","timestamp":1681286429000},"page":"126-132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Randomized clinical trials of physical therapy for cerebral palsy: a review of study outcomes, methodological quality, and publication merits"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Andr\u00e9 L. F.","family":"Meireles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina"},{"name":"Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina \u2013 Campus Ilha, Florian\u00f3polis-SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nat\u00e1lia A.","family":"Menegol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovana A.","family":"Perin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciana S.","family":"Sanada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e569","DOI":"10.1542\/neo.7-11-e569","article-title":"The definition and classification of cerebral palsy.","volume":"7","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neoreviews"},{"key":"R2-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2008.03196.x","article-title":"Stability and decline in gross motor function among children and youth with cerebral palsy aged 2 to 21 years.","volume":"51","author":"Hanna","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"R3-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2010.03632.x","article-title":"Correlates of decline in gross motor capacity in adolescents with cerebral palsy in gross motor function classification system levels III to V: an exploratory study.","volume":"52","author":"Bartlett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"R4-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20060116","article-title":"Promotion of physical fitness and prevention of secondary conditions for children with cerebral palsy: section on pediatrics research summit proceedings.","volume":"87","author":"Fowler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"R5-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073809337919","article-title":"Rehabilitative therapies in cerebral palsy: the good, the not as good, and the possible.","volume":"24","author":"Damiano","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"R6-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-020-1022-z","article-title":"State of the evidence traffic lights 2019: systematic review of interventions for preventing and treating children with cerebral palsy.","volume":"20","author":"Novak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"R7-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.4103\/ortho.IJOrtho_241_17","article-title":"Evidence-based approach to physical therapy in cerebral palsy.","volume":"53","author":"Das","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Orthop"},{"key":"R8-20250525","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exercise interventions for cerebral palsy.","volume":"2017","author":"Ryan","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"R9-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2021.104058","article-title":"Early interventions in infants with unilateral cerebral palsy: a systematic review and narrative synthesis.","volume":"117","author":"Mailleux","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"R10-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.10.102","article-title":"Trends in physical medicine and rehabilitation publications over the past 16 years.","volume":"97","author":"Mimouni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"R11-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.3138\/ptc-2018-0065","article-title":"Evolving trends in physiotherapy research publications between 1995 and 2015.","volume":"72","author":"Jesus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiother Can"},{"key":"R12-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003116","article-title":"Report of a workshop on research gaps in the treatment of cerebral palsy.","volume":"87","author":"Lungu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R13-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMms1604593","article-title":"Medicine and society assessing the gold standard \u2013 lessons from the history of RCTs.","volume":"374","author":"Bothwell","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R14-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2016.03.001","article-title":"How completely are physiotherapy interventions described in reports of randomised trials?","volume":"102","author":"Yamato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"key":"R15-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2009.01.006","article-title":"Indexing of randomised controlled trials of physiotherapy interventions: a comparison of AMED, CENTRAL, CINAHL, EMBASE, hooked on evidence, PEDro, PsycINFO and PubMed.","volume":"95","author":"Moseley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"key":"R16-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjpt.2019.11.002","article-title":"Using research to guide practice: the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro).","volume":"24","author":"Moseley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Braz J Phys Ther"},{"key":"R17-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20080002","article-title":"A description of the trials, reviews, and practice guidelines indexed in the PEDro database.","volume":"88","author":"Maher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"R18-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjpt.2018.09.002","article-title":"Description of low back pain clinical trials in physical therapy: a cross sectional study.","volume":"23","author":"Nascimento","year":"2019","journal-title":"Braz J Phys Ther"},{"key":"R19-20250525","first-page":"1","article-title":"CONSORT 2010 explanation and elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials.","volume":"34","author":"Moher","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R20-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2011.11.039","article-title":"Design and implementation of clinical trials in rehabilitation research.","volume":"93","author":"Hart","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"R21-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14926","article-title":"Epidemiology of cerebral palsy in low- and middle-income countries: preliminary findings from an international multi-centre cerebral palsy register.","volume":"63","author":"Jahan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"R22-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1997.tb07414.x","article-title":"Development and reliability of a system to classify gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy.","volume":"39","author":"Palisano","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"R23-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2008.03117.x","article-title":"Use of the GMFCS in infants with CP: the need for reclassification at age 2 years or older.","volume":"51","author":"Gorter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"R24-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14309","article-title":"Losing a diagnosis of cerebral palsy: a comparison of variables at 2 and 5 years.","volume":"62","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"R25-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3109\/17518423.2016.1150359","article-title":"Clinical tools designed to assess motor abilities in children with cerebral palsy.","volume":"20","author":"Pav\u00e3o","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev Neurorehabil"},{"key":"R26-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12973","article-title":"A systematic review of evidence-based assessment practices by allied health practitioners for children with cerebral palsy.","volume":"58","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"R27-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1080\/17518423.2018.1518963","article-title":"Functional strength measurement in cerebral palsy: feasibility, test\u2013retest reliability, and construct validity.","volume":"22","author":"Aertssen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev Neurorehabil"},{"key":"R28-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1080\/17518423.2018.1523244","article-title":"The responsiveness and validity of the early clinical assessment of balance in toddlers with cerebral palsy: brief report.","volume":"22","author":"Pierce","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev Neurorehabil"},{"key":"R29-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2017.11.006","article-title":"The effectiveness of Baby-CIMT in infants younger than 12 months with clinical signs of unilateral-cerebral palsy; an explorative study with randomized design.","volume":"72","author":"Eliasson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"R30-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7206205010p1","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.2018.025981","article-title":"Effectiveness of modified constraint-induced movement therapy compared with bimanual therapy home programs for infants with hemiplegia: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"72","author":"Chamudot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Occup Ther"},{"key":"R31-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2016.04.005","article-title":"Single blind randomised controlled trial of GAME (Goals - Activity - Motor Enrichment) in infants at high risk of cerebral palsy.","volume":"55","author":"Morgan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"R32-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/01942638.2015.1126880","article-title":"Current rehabilitation practices for children with cerebral palsy: focus and gaps.","volume":"37","author":"Anaby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys Occup Ther Pediatr"},{"key":"R33-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12246","article-title":"A systematic review of interventions for children with cerebral palsy: state of the evidence.","volume":"55","author":"Novak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"R34-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3138\/ptc.2012-68","article-title":"The quality of reports of randomized controlled trials varies between subdisciplines of physiotherapy.","volume":"66","author":"Moseley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiother Can"},{"key":"R35-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1097\/MRR.0000000000000426","article-title":"Exploratory analysis of randomized clinical trials in physiotherapy aimed at improving walking speed after stroke.","volume":"43","author":"Menezes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Rehabil Res"},{"key":"R36-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.08.485","article-title":"Methodologic quality and statistical reporting of physical therapy randomized controlled trials relevant to musculoskeletal conditions.","volume":"99","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"R38-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.02379","article-title":"The quality and reporting of randomized trials in cardiothoracic physical therapy could be substantially improved.","volume":"58","author":"Geha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"R39-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2020.01.020","article-title":"CONSORT endorsement improves the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials in dentistry.","volume":"122","author":"Sarkis-Onofre","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"R40-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-6-42","article-title":"The relationship between quality of research and citation frequency.","volume":"6","author":"Nieminen","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"R41-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967118776635","article-title":"Correlation between quality of evidence and number of citations in top 50 cited articles in rotator cuff repair surgery.","volume":"6","author":"Sochacki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"key":"R42-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S1836-9553(12)70122-4","article-title":"Clinical trial registration in physiotherapy journals: recommendations from the International Society of Physiotherapy Journal Editors.","volume":"58","author":"Costa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Physiother"},{"key":"R43-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-016-1408-z","article-title":"Update on the endorsement of CONSORT by high impact factor journals: a survey of journal \u2018Instructions to Authors\u2019 in 2014.","volume":"17","author":"Shamseer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"R44-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20120206","article-title":"Many randomized trials of physical therapy interventions are not adequately registered: a survey of 200 published trials.","volume":"93","author":"Pinto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"R45-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-8-18","article-title":"CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials.","author":"Schulz","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"R46-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0320241","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-032024","article-title":"Using the CONSORT statement to evaluate the completeness of reporting of addiction randomised trials: a cross-sectional review.","volume":"9","author":"Vassar","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"R47-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9425","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1403006111","article-title":"Evaluating big deal journal bundles.","volume":"111","author":"Bergstrom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R48-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2019.103886","article-title":"Does online access promote research in developing countries? Empirical evidence from article-level data.","volume":"49","author":"Mueller-Langer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res Policy"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Rehabilitation Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/MRR.0000000000000576","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,25]],"date-time":"2025-05-25T20:04:16Z","timestamp":1748203456000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/MRR.0000000000000576"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/mrr.0000000000000576","relation":{},"ISSN":["0342-5282"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0342-5282","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]]}}}