{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T10:33:25Z","timestamp":1775558005660,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) can lead to lasting adverse outcomes, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). This study examined whether PTSD and PTSS can occur even after mTBI and tracked the evolution of PTSD in the long term. A total of 85 youth post-mTBI (median age: 10.00, 25\u201375th percentile: 8.50\u20132.62; 24% girls) and their mothers participated in this study. Assessments included PTSS\/PTSD, postconcussion symptoms, loss of consciousness status, child\u2019s anxiety, and maternal mental health, both shortly after mTBI (T1) and 1\u2009year later (T2). Changes in PTSS scores from T1 to T2 were evaluated using the Wilcoxon test. T2 PTSS evolution was evaluated using correlations and partial correlations. To evaluate PTSD recovery trajectories, the percentage of youth in four recovery trajectories (chronic, delayed, recovery, and resilience) was calculated. Results showed a significant decrease in PTSS and PTSD rates from T1 (34%) to T2 (21%). PTSS at T2 was associated with PTSS and postconcussion symptoms at T1. After accounting for the child\u2019s sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, the child\u2019s self-reported PTSS at T1, along with self-reported postconcussion symptoms and symptom intensity, showed significant correlations with PTSS at T2 (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\u2005=\u20050.60, 0.32, and 0.37, respectively; <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\u2005&lt;\u20050.05). Most youth fell into the \u2018resilient\u2019 (40%) or \u2018recovery\u2019 (35%) groups, with only 6% showing \u2018delayed\u2019 recovery. One year after mTBI, 20% of the youth still experienced PTSD. In conclusion, this study highlights the need for long-term monitoring of youth after mTBI, as a notable proportion continue to experience enduring PTSD or PTSS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1097\/mrr.0000000000000655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T16:00:20Z","timestamp":1737129620000},"page":"40-47","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evolution and factors associated with pediatric post-traumatic stress disorder 1 year after mild traumatic brain injury: a prospective, longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Sharon","family":"Barak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Ariel University, Ariel"},{"name":"Department of Paediatric Rehabilitation, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children\u2019s Hospital, Chain-Sheba Medical Centre, Ramat-Gan, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maya (Miriam)","family":"Gerner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Rehabilitation, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children\u2019s Hospital, Chain-Sheba Medical Centre, Ramat-Gan, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ety","family":"Berant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tamar","family":"Silberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Rehabilitation, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children\u2019s Hospital, Chain-Sheba Medical Centre, Ramat-Gan, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743716643741","article-title":"A systematic review of psychiatric, psychological, and behavioural outcomes following mild traumatic brain injury in children and adolescents.","volume":"61","author":"Emery","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R2-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2016.1205487","article-title":"Treatment of persistent post-concussion syndrome due to mild traumatic brain injury: current status and future directions.","volume":"16","author":"Hadanny","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"R3-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.12040078","article-title":"Psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents six-to-twelve months after mild traumatic brain injury.","volume":"25","author":"Max","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"R4-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.12010011","article-title":"Psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents in the first six months after mild traumatic brain injury.","volume":"25","author":"Max","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"R5-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21704","article-title":"Association between posttraumatic stress, depression, and functional impairments in adolescents 24 months after traumatic brain injury.","volume":"25","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"R6-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000642","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in youth with vs without chronic pain.","volume":"157","author":"Noel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"R7-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1037\/mil0000154","article-title":"Rates of subthreshold PTSD among U.S. military veterans and service members: a literature review.","volume":"29","author":"Bergman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Military Psychol"},{"key":"R8-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22819","article-title":"Subthreshold PTSD and PTSD in a prospective-longitudinal cohort of military personnel: potential targets for preventive interventions.","volume":"35","author":"Fink","year":"2018","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"R9-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1097\/JTN.0000000000000343","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress syndrome: what is it?","volume":"25","author":"Sparks","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Trauma Nurs"},{"key":"R10-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pec.0000092590.40174.1f","article-title":"Mild traumatic brain injury in children: practice guidelines for emergency department and hospitalized patients.","volume":"19","author":"Kamerling","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"R11-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0963-7214.2005.00347.x","article-title":"Resilience in the face of potential trauma.","volume":"14","author":"Bonanno","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci"},{"key":"R12-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.59.1.20","article-title":"Loss, trauma, and human resilience: have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events?","volume":"59","author":"Bonanno","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"R13-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22242","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress symptom trajectories among children after disaster exposure: a review.","volume":"30","author":"Lai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"R14-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022634","article-title":"Growth modeling with nonignorable dropout: alternative analyses of the STAR*D antidepressant trial.","volume":"16","author":"Muth\u00e9n","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"R15-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797614551750","article-title":"Optimism and death: predicting the course and consequences of depression trajectories in response to heart attack.","volume":"25","author":"Galatzer-Levy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"R16-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000145","article-title":"Treatment type and demographic characteristics as predictors for cancer adjustment: prospective trajectories of depressive symptoms in a population sample.","volume":"34","author":"Burton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"R17-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1070","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2017.38","article-title":"Utilization of machine learning for prediction of post-traumatic stress: a re-examination of cortisol in the prediction and pathways to non-remitting PTSD.","volume":"7","author":"Galatzer-Levy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"R18-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.3971","article-title":"Chronic aspects of pediatric traumatic brain injury: review of the literature.","volume":"32","author":"Babikian","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"R19-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014936","article-title":"Predicting longitudinal patterns of functional deficits in children with traumatic brain injury.","volume":"23","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"R20-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e182847","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.2847","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of mild traumatic brain injury in children.","volume":"172","author":"Lumba-Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"R21-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3109\/02699050903508226","article-title":"Relationships among post-concussive symptoms and symptoms of PTSD in children following mild traumatic brain injury.","volume":"24","author":"Hajek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"R22-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050500443558","article-title":"Mild traumatic brain injury and anxiety sequelae: a review of the literature.","volume":"20","author":"Moore","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"R23-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2600","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7541","article-title":"Post-concussion and post-traumatic stress symptoms after pediatric traumatic brain injury: shared vulnerability factors?","volume":"38","author":"Fisher","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"R24-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.666","article-title":"Association of symptoms following mild traumatic brain injury with posttraumatic stress disorder vs postconcussion syndrome.","volume":"71","author":"Lagarde","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"R25-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022580","article-title":"The prospective course of postconcussion syndrome: the role of mild traumatic brain injury.","volume":"25","author":"Meares","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"R26-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2014.944491","article-title":"Applying a traumatic stress approach to understanding PCS following pediatric mild TBI.","volume":"21","author":"Donlon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"key":"R27-20250206","first-page":"100","article-title":"Mental health implications of traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) in children and youth.","volume":"24","author":"Schachar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"R28-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200202000-00009","article-title":"Clinical predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder after closed head injury in children.","volume":"41","author":"Gerring","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"R29-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsp050","article-title":"The course of posttraumatic stress in children: examination of recovery trajectories following traumatic injury.","volume":"35","author":"Le Brocque","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"key":"R30-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2011.12.001","article-title":"A meta-analysis of risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents.","volume":"32","author":"Trickey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"R31-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01412","article-title":"Parental factors associated with child post-traumatic stress following injury: a consideration of intervention targets.","volume":"8","author":"Wise","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"R32-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsaa070","article-title":"Child and family factors associated with posttraumatic stress responses following a traumatic medical event: the role of medical team support.","volume":"45","author":"Sadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"key":"R33-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e180210","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.0210","article-title":"Assessment of follow-up care after emergency department presentation for mild traumatic brain injury and concussion.","volume":"1","author":"Seabury","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"R35-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1207\/S15374424JCCP3003_9","article-title":"The child PTSD symptom scale: a preliminary examination of its psychometric properties.","volume":"30","author":"Foa","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Child Psychol"},{"key":"R36-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260515596536","article-title":"The child PTSD symptom scale: an investigation of its psychometric properties.","volume":"32","author":"Stewart","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"key":"R37-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/13638490400011199","article-title":"Neurobehavioural outcomes of mild head injury in children and adolescents.","volume":"8","author":"Keith Owen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatric Rehabilitation"},{"key":"R38-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199910000-00011","article-title":"Psychometric Properties of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED): a replication study.","volume":"38","author":"Birmaher","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"R39-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.51.5.730","article-title":"The structure of psychological distress and well-being in general populations.","volume":"51","author":"Veit","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"R40-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1988.10478722","article-title":"A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values.","volume":"83","author":"Little","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"R42-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200005000-00011","article-title":"Predicting posttraumatic stress after hospitalization for pediatric injury.","volume":"39","author":"Daviss","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"R43-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12873-020-00308-z","article-title":"Evaluating a screener to quantify PTSD risk using emergency care information: a proof of concept study.","volume":"20","author":"van der Mei","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Emerg Med"},{"key":"R44-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.20060159","article-title":"History of functional somatic syndromes and persistent symptoms after mild traumatic brain injury.","volume":"33","author":"Green","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"R45-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2018.05.008","article-title":"Trajectories of resilience and dysfunction following potential trauma: a review and statistical evaluation.","volume":"63","author":"Galatzer-Levy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"R46-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyaa310","article-title":"Trajectories and risk factors for pediatric postconcussive symptom recovery.","volume":"88","author":"Truss","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"R48-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e399","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000002316","article-title":"The course of posttraumatic stress in children: examination of symptom trajectories and predictive factors following admission to pediatric intensive care.","volume":"21","author":"Le Brocque","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R49-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1192\/S1749367600006421","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder in Israeli children.","volume":"1","author":"Tyano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int Psychiatry"},{"key":"R50-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2018.1540794","article-title":"Service and support needs following pediatric brain injury: perspectives of children with mild traumatic brain injury and their parents.","volume":"33","author":"Minney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Inj"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Rehabilitation Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/MRR.0000000000000655","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T18:01:47Z","timestamp":1738864907000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/MRR.0000000000000655"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/mrr.0000000000000655","relation":{},"ISSN":["0342-5282","1473-5660"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0342-5282","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-5660","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]}}}