{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T21:17:19Z","timestamp":1769116639536,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of this study was to further validate the Goal Processing Scale (GPS), an ecologically valid functional assessment of executive functioning requiring planning and executing a complex goal. Veterans (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\u2005=\u200569, mean age = 44.5 years) with a history of chronic mild traumatic brain injury and self-reported cognitive difficulties completed the GPS and neuropsychological measures of working memory, sustained attention, mental flexibility, inhibition, and memory during participation in one of three studies. Associations between overall GPS performance and composite neuropsychological measures of attention\/executive functioning and memory were significant and medium-to-large in magnitude. Associations of similar magnitude also emerged between subcomponents of the GPS (e.g. self-monitoring, attentional switching, attention maintenance) and neuropsychological subdomains (e.g. mental flexibility, inhibition, working memory). Results suggest that the GPS facilitates structured assessment of goal-directed performance requiring integration of multiple executive functioning subdomains. The GPS may be valuable in assessing and predicting real-world functional difficulties not captured by traditional neuropsychological assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1097\/mrr.0000000000000656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T12:00:47Z","timestamp":1737374447000},"page":"73-77","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Goal Processing Scale: cognitive correlates of an ecologically valid measure of executive functioning in mild traumatic brain injury"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Jillian M.","family":"Tessier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterans Affairs, San Francisco VA Health Care System"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Kryza-Lacombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Centers, Veterans Affairs Medical Center"},{"name":"University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Santiago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterans Affairs, San Francisco VA Health Care System"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Abrams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterans Affairs, San Francisco VA Health Care System"},{"name":"University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Northern California Health Care System, Martinez"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Rome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sutter Health, California Pacific Regional Rehabilitation Center, San Francisco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatjana","family":"Novakovic-Agopian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterans Affairs, San Francisco VA Health Care System"},{"name":"University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco"},{"name":"Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto VA Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-113011-143750","article-title":"Executive functions.","volume":"64","author":"Diamond","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"R2-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17588928.2019.1682985","article-title":"Attentional control and executive function.","volume":"11","author":"Hopfinger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"R3-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2021.0348","article-title":"Symptom frequency and persistence in the first year after traumatic brain injury: a TRACK-TBI study.","volume":"39","author":"Machamer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"R4-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0191655","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191655","article-title":"Population-based cohort study of the impacts of mild traumatic brain injury in adults four years post-injury.","volume":"13","author":"Theadom","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R5-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2022.0292","article-title":"Response to Machamer et al., \u2018Symptom frequency and persistence in the first year after traumatic brain injury: a TRACK-TBI study\u2019 (doi: 10.1089\/neu.2021.0348).","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"R6-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2012.12.038","article-title":"Reduced contribution of executive functions in impaired working memory performance in mild traumatic brain injury patients.","volume":"115","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"R8-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/114.2.727","article-title":"Deficits in strategy application following frontal lobe damage in man.","volume":"114","author":"Shallice","year":"1991","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"R9-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0b013e3182691b15","article-title":"Assessment of subcomponents of executive functioning in ecologically valid settings: the Goal Processing Scale.","volume":"29","author":"Novakovic-Agopian","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"key":"R10-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2784","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5529","article-title":"Training in goal-oriented attention self-regulation improves executive functioning in veterans with chronic traumatic brain injury.","volume":"35","author":"Novakovic-Agopian","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"R11-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6806","article-title":"Goal-oriented attention self-regulation training improves executive functioning in veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder and mild traumatic brain injury.","volume":"38","author":"Novakovic-Agopian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"R12-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1080\/13854048808520107","article-title":"Three tests of attention and rapid information processing: an extension.","volume":"2","author":"Stuss","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"R18-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000714","article-title":"The goal-control model: an integrated neuropsychological framework to explain impaired performance of everyday activities.","volume":"35","author":"Giovannetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"R19-20250206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.31083\/j.jin2103093","article-title":"Relationship between short-term memory impairment and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex injury in patients with mild traumatic brain injury.","volume":"21","author":"Cho","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Integr Neurosci"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Rehabilitation Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/MRR.0000000000000656","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T18:02:39Z","timestamp":1738864959000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/MRR.0000000000000656"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/mrr.0000000000000656","relation":{},"ISSN":["0342-5282","1473-5660"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0342-5282","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-5660","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]}}}