{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:45:58Z","timestamp":1785199558977,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cerebellar ataxia impairs motor coordination, leading to gait instability, irregular foot movements, and frequent falls. While studies have examined kinematic deficits in cerebellar patients, the potential for motor learning and transfer specific to foot position control is underexplored. This study aims to investigate the effects of lower-limb distance control practice on motor learning and generalization in patients with cerebellar disorders. Twelve individuals with cerebellar ataxia and 12 matched controls performed a foot-reaching task under controlled conditions. Participants practiced reaching three target distances without visual feedback. Kinematic data were collected using a motion tracking system, and performance was assessed during the practice, retention, and transfer phases. Statistical analyses evaluated learning effects and group differences. Both groups improved foot position control with practice, though cerebellar patients showed higher initial error rates. Retention tests confirmed learning, with reduced errors immediately and 24\u2005h postpractice [<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">F<\/jats:italic>\n                           <jats:sub>(2,44)<\/jats:sub>\u2005=\u200525.20, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\u2005&lt;\u20050.01]. Transfer tests revealed significant improvements in novel distance tasks for cerebellar patients, but limited generalization to vertical distance conditions [<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">F<\/jats:italic>\n                           <jats:sub>(2,44)<\/jats:sub>\u2005=\u20057.43, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\u2005&lt;\u20050.01]. Repetitive foot position control practice promotes motor learning and partial generalization in cerebellar patients, indicating preserved neuroplasticity. These findings emphasize the importance of task-specific and variable training in rehabilitation programs to reduce fall risks and enhance functional mobility in this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1097\/mrr.0000000000000670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T06:00:10Z","timestamp":1748325610000},"page":"149-156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of repetitive practice on motor learning and adaptability in foot position control for cerebellar ataxia"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Jung-Eun","family":"Yun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang-Ha","family":"Im","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Hoon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"R2-20250729","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1993.70.1.179","article-title":"Motor cortical activity during voluntary gait modifications in the cat. I. Cells related to the forelimbs.","volume":"70","author":"Drew","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"R3-20250729","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00246","article-title":"Automaticity of walking: functional significance, mechanisms, measurement and rehabilitation strategies.","volume":"9","author":"Clark","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"R4-20250729","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/62.1.1","article-title":"The cerebellum of man.","volume":"62","author":"Holmes","year":"1939","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"R5-20250729","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858404263517","article-title":"Cerebellar control of balance and locomotion.","volume":"10","author":"Morton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"R6-20250729","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.02.027","article-title":"Compensatory postural responses to backward loss of balance in patients with cerebellar disease.","volume":"86","author":"Im","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"R7-20250729","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2006.05.008","article-title":"Postural responses to multidirectional stance perturbations in cerebellar ataxia.","volume":"202","author":"Bakker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"R8-20250729","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-003-1776-y","article-title":"Cerebellar damage produces context-dependent deficits in control of leg dynamics during obstacle avoidance.","volume":"156","author":"Morton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"R9-20250729","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2012.09.001","article-title":"Effects of task constraints on obstacle avoidance strategies in patients with cerebellar disease.","volume":"37","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"R10-20250729","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1996.76.1.492","article-title":"Cerebellar ataxia: abnormal control of interaction torques across multiple joints.","volume":"76","author":"Bastian","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"R11-20250729","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.10.002","article-title":"A review of standing balance recovery from stroke.","volume":"22","author":"Geurts","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"R12-20250729","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/0966-6362(95)93504-6","article-title":"Effects of age-related maculopathy on strategies for going over obstacles of different heights and contrast.","volume":"3","author":"Patla","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"R13-20250729","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210000539","article-title":"Evidence for interactive locomotor and oculomotor deficits in cerebellar patients during visually guided stepping.","volume":"135","author":"Crowdy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"R14-20250729","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1992.72.1.33","article-title":"Human neuronal control of automatic functional movements: interaction between central programs and afferent input.","volume":"72","author":"Dietz","year":"1992","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"R15-20250729","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1037\/h0076770","article-title":"Schema theory of discrete motor skill learning.","volume":"82","author":"Schmidt","year":"1975","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"R16-20250729","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52901-5.00008-3","article-title":"Motor learning principles for neurorehabilitation.","volume":"110","author":"Kitago","year":"2013","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"R17-20250729","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1097\/NPT.0b013e3181b511f4","article-title":"Challenge-oriented gait and balance training in sporadic olivopontocerebellar atrophy: a case study.","volume":"33","author":"Landers","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurol Phys Ther"},{"key":"R18-20250729","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968311425918","article-title":"Cerebellar ataxia rehabilitation trial in degenerative cerebellar diseases.","volume":"26","author":"Miyai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"R19-20250729","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/14734220701216440","article-title":"Role of cerebellum in learning postural tasks.","volume":"6","author":"Ioffe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"R20-20250729","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2010.10.002","article-title":"The cerebellar network: from structure to function and dynamics.","volume":"66","author":"D\u2019Angelo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"R21-20250729","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2001.85.2.759","article-title":"Selection and coordination of human locomotor forms following cerebellar damage.","volume":"85","author":"Earhart","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"R22-20250729","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181c33adf","article-title":"Intensive coordinative training improves motor performance in degenerative cerebellar disease.","volume":"73","author":"Ilg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R23-20250729","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2011.06.007","article-title":"Moving, sensing and learning with cerebellar damage.","volume":"21","author":"Bastian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"R24-20250729","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200209160-00007","article-title":"Specific plasticity of parallel fiber\/Purkinje cell spine synapses by motor skill learning.","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"R26-20250729","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S53","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-8020(09)70781-3","article-title":"Motor learning in Parkinson\u2019s disease: limitations and potential for rehabilitation.","volume":"15","author":"Nieuwboer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"R27-20250729","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta12300","article-title":"A systematic review of repetitive task training with modelling of resource use, costs and effectiveness.","volume":"12","author":"French","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"R28-20250729","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21509","article-title":"Cued task-specific training is better than exercise in improving sit-to-stand in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"23","author":"Mak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R29-20250729","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2913","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn246","article-title":"The influence of focal cerebellar lesions on the control and adaptation of gait.","volume":"131","author":"Ilg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"R30-20250729","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2006.08.016","article-title":"Learning to predict the future: the cerebellum adapts feedforward movement control.","volume":"16","author":"Bastian","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Rehabilitation Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/MRR.0000000000000670","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T09:00:12Z","timestamp":1753779612000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/MRR.0000000000000670"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/mrr.0000000000000670","relation":{},"ISSN":["0342-5282","1473-5660"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0342-5282","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-5660","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]}}}