{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T07:24:00Z","timestamp":1790925840634,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/nmd.0b013e3181a61c3d","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,12]],"date-time":"2009-06-12T11:10:44Z","timestamp":1244805044000},"page":"412-418","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Nonverbal Social Behaviors of Patients With Bipolar Mania During Interactions With Virtual Humans"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"197","author":[{"given":"Eosu","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeonghun","family":"Ku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae-Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeongrae","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiwan","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun I.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun-Sang","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(98)00042-5","article-title":"Facial affect recognition and information processing in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.","volume":"32","author":"Addington","year":"1998","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"R2-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(99)01399-6","article-title":"Social cognition and the human brain.","volume":"3","author":"Adolphs","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"R3-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(06)56020-0","article-title":"Role of the amygdala in processing visual social stimuli.","volume":"156","author":"Adolphs","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"R4-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.6.1211","article-title":"Increased amygdala activation during mania: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study.","volume":"162","author":"Altshuler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R5-6-20210208","article-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV-TR (4th edn).","year":"2000"},{"key":"R6-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1162\/105474601753272844","article-title":"Equilibrium theory revisited: mutual gaze and personal space in virtual environments.","volume":"10","author":"Bailenson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Presence"},{"key":"R7-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167203029007002","article-title":"Interpersonal distance in immersive virtual environments.","volume":"29","author":"Bailenson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pers Soc Psychol Bull"},{"key":"R8-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1990.tb00877.x","article-title":"Emotional Stroop performance and the manic defence.","volume":"29","author":"Bentall","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"R9-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7916(94)90063-9","article-title":"Measuring emotion: the Self-Assessment Manikin and the Semantic Differential.","volume":"25","author":"Bradley","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry"},{"key":"R10-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e31816a4922","article-title":"Nonverbal behavior during standardized interviews in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders.","volume":"196","author":"Brune","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"R11-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2004.00116.x","article-title":"A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of cortical asymmetry in bipolar disorder.","volume":"6","author":"Caligiuri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"R12-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.06.008","article-title":"Explicit and implicit facial affect recognition in manic and depressed States of bipolar disorder: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study.","volume":"59","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"R13-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(01)00247-5","article-title":"Outpatients with schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder: Do they differ in their cognitive and social functioning?","volume":"102","author":"Dickerson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"R14-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1037\/h0027040","article-title":"Personal space and self-protection.","volume":"11","author":"Dosey","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"R15-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000161686.53245.70","article-title":"The psychology of persecutory ideation II: a virtual reality experimental study.","volume":"193","author":"Freeman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"R16-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000082212.83842.fe","article-title":"Can virtual reality be used to investigate persecutory ideation?","volume":"191","author":"Freeman","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"R17-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03211385","article-title":"Averting the gaze disengages the environment and facilitates remembering.","volume":"26","author":"Glenberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mem Cognit"},{"key":"R18-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3181663015","article-title":"Dysfunctional attitudes and cognitive schemas in bipolar manic and unipolar depressed outpatients: implications for cognitively based psychotherapeutics.","volume":"196","author":"Goldberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"R19-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2005.09.011","article-title":"Parieto-frontal interactions, personal space and defensive behavior.","volume":"44","author":"Graziano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"R20-6-20210208","first-page":"1","article-title":"Korean adaptation of Spielberger's STAI (K-STAI).","volume":"1","author":"Hahn","year":"1996","journal-title":"Korean J Health Psychol"},{"key":"R21-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1086\/200975","article-title":"Proxemics.","volume":"9","author":"Hall","year":"1968","journal-title":"Curr Anthropol"},{"key":"R22-6-20210208","article-title":"The Hidden Dimension.","author":"Hall","year":"1969"},{"key":"R23-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.23.1.56","article-title":"A rating scale for depression.","volume":"23","author":"Hamilton","year":"1960","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"R24-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.94.2.293","article-title":"Personal space: where we now stand.","volume":"94","author":"Hayduk","year":"1983","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"R25-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-196801000-00003","article-title":"Spatial behavior and psychopathology.","volume":"146","author":"Horowitz","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"R26-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1964.01720300081010","article-title":"Body-buffer zone; exploration of personal space.","volume":"11","author":"Horowitz","year":"1964","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"R27-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(02)00008-3","article-title":"Theory of mind deficits in bipolar affective disorder.","volume":"73","author":"Kerr","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"R28-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.100.1.78","article-title":"Gaze and eye contact: a research review.","volume":"100","author":"Kleinke","year":"1986","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"R29-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2005.8.493","article-title":"Experimental results of affective valence and arousal to avatar's facial expressions.","volume":"8","author":"Ku","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav"},{"key":"R30-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2006.9.531","article-title":"Pilot study for assessing the behaviors of patients with schizophrenia toward a virtual avatar.","volume":"9","author":"Ku","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav"},{"key":"R31-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1891\/0889-8391.13.2.83","article-title":"Decision making and mania.","volume":"13","author":"Leahy","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Cogn Psychother"},{"key":"R32-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1097\/00146965-200403000-00002","article-title":"Neural substrates of emotion as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging.","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cogn Behav Neurol"},{"key":"R33-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.2.302","article-title":"Impaired recognition of facial emotion in mania.","volume":"159","author":"Lembke","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R34-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291704002557","article-title":"Behavioural and neurocognitive responses to sad facial affect are attenuated in patients with mania.","volume":"34","author":"Lennox","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"R35-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.52.12.1621","article-title":"Stigma as a barrier to recovery: The consequences of stigma for the self-esteem of people with mental illnesses.","volume":"52","author":"Link","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"R36-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03200735","article-title":"Immersive virtual environment technology as a basic research tool in psychology.","volume":"31","author":"Loomis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods Instrum Comput"},{"key":"R37-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.108.2.273","article-title":"Social cognition and the manic defense: attributions, selective attention and self-schema in bipolar affective disorder.","volume":"108","author":"Lyon","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"R38-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2007.02033.x","article-title":"Emotion as motion: asymmetries in approach and avoidant actions.","volume":"18","author":"Maxwell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"R39-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1177\/00207640030493002","article-title":"Interpersonal distance in schizophrenic patients: relationship to negative syndrome.","volume":"49","author":"Nechamkin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Soc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"suppl 5","key":"R40-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2005.00254.x","article-title":"Executive functioning and theory of mind in euthymic bipolar disorder.","volume":"7","author":"Olley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"R42-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2006.03.006","article-title":"Social anxiety disorder comorbidity in patients with bipolar disorder: a clinical replication.","volume":"20","author":"Pini","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"R43-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-196307000-00011","article-title":"Spatial orientation and psychotherapy: an experimental study of perception.","volume":"137","author":"Pollack","year":"1963","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"R44-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.08.003","article-title":"Internalized stigma predicts erosion of morale among psychiatric outpatients.","volume":"129","author":"Ritsher","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"R45-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000185868.58587.5b","article-title":"Social cognition and symptom dimensions.","volume":"193","author":"Shean","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"R46-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v68n0811","article-title":"Mood symptoms, functional impairment and disability in people with bipolar disorder: specific effects of mania and depression.","volume":"68","author":"Simon","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"R47-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3994","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3789-06.2007","article-title":"Amygdala damage impairs eye contact during conversations with real people.","volume":"27","author":"Spezio","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"R48-6-20210208","article-title":"STAI: Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.","author":"Spielberger","year":"1970"},{"key":"R49-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(90)90015-K","article-title":"Proximal spacing to facial affect expressions in schizophrenia.","volume":"31","author":"Srivastava","year":"1990","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"R50-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1038\/nn948","article-title":"Virtual reality in behavioral neuroscience and beyond.","volume":"5","author":"Tarr","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"R51-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.94.3.282","article-title":"Mania and low self-esteem.","volume":"94","author":"Winters","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"R52-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2006.9984","article-title":"The unbearable likeness of being digital: the persistence of nonverbal social norms in online virtual environments.","volume":"10","author":"Yee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav"},{"key":"R53-6-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.133.5.429","article-title":"A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity.","volume":"133","author":"Young","year":"1978","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00005053-200906000-00006","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]],"date-time":"2021-04-10T06:42:06Z","timestamp":1618036926000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00005053-200906000-00006"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/nmd.0b013e3181a61c3d","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3018"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3018","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]}}}