{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T05:55:29Z","timestamp":1787637329974,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/nmd.0b013e3181ef3ee1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,3]],"date-time":"2010-09-03T15:25:38Z","timestamp":1283527538000},"page":"619-627","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Attachment Style and Defense Mechanisms in Parents Who Abuse Their Children"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"198","author":[{"given":"Phebe","family":"Cramer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis D.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-3-20210208","article-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed).","year":"2000"},{"key":"R2-3-20210208","article-title":"Monitor.","year":"2008"},{"key":"R3-3-20210208","first-page":"9","article-title":"Trauma and attachment: An investigation in abusive parenting.","volume":"6","author":"Ammaniti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Psychiatry Psychother"},{"key":"R4-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199304000-00006","article-title":"The defense style questionnaire.","volume":"181","author":"Andrews","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"R5-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-3204.27.4.619","article-title":"An object relations approach to the treatment of child abuse.","volume":"27","author":"Arcaya","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychotherapy"},{"key":"R6-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.52.4.687","article-title":"Unrealistic expectations and problem-solving ability in maltreating and comparison mothers.","volume":"52","author":"Azar","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"R7-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.61.2.226","article-title":"Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model.","volume":"61","author":"Bartholomew","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"R8-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-3204.31.3.383","article-title":"Attachment to the abuser: Integrating object-relations and trauma theories in treatment of abuse survivors.","volume":"31","author":"Blizard","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychotherapy"},{"key":"R9-3-20210208","article-title":"A Secure Base: Clinical Applications of Attachment Theory.","author":"Bowlby","year":"1988"},{"key":"R10-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199009000-00007","article-title":"An examination of defense style in parents who abuse children.","volume":"178","author":"Brennan","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"R11-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167295213008","article-title":"Dimensions of adult attachment, affect regulation and romantic relationship.","volume":"21","author":"Brennan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pers Soc Psychol Bull"},{"key":"R12-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6494.00034","article-title":"Attachment styles and personality disorders: Their connections to each other and to parental divorce, parental death, and perceptions of parental caregiving.","volume":"66","author":"Brennan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Pers"},{"key":"R13-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1177\/026540759184001","article-title":"Attachment styles, gender and parental problem drinking.","volume":"8","author":"Brennan","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Soc Pers Relat"},{"key":"R14-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1037\/h0079263","article-title":"Physically abusive and nonabusive mothers' perceptions of parenting and child behavior.","volume":"61","author":"Bradley","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"R15-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.51.1.315","article-title":"Parental and child cognitions in the context of the family.","volume":"51","author":"Bugental","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Rev Psychol"},{"key":"R16-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1177\/088626093008003002","article-title":"Childhood sexual abuse. Long-term sequelae and implications for psychological assessment.","volume":"8","author":"Briere","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"key":"R17-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000168237.26124.47","article-title":"Childhood sexual abuse and adult defensive functioning.","volume":"193","author":"Callahan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"R18-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2009.03.005","article-title":"No reliable effects of emotional facial expression, adult attachment orientation, or anxiety on the allocation visual attention in the spatial cueing paradign.","volume":"43","author":"Cooper","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Res Pers"},{"key":"R19-3-20210208","article-title":"The Development of Defense Mechanisms: Theory, Research and Assessment.","author":"Cramer","year":"1991a"},{"key":"R20-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1991.tb00767.x","article-title":"Anger and the use of defense mechanisms in college students.","volume":"59","author":"Cramer","year":"1991b","journal-title":"J Pers"},{"key":"R21-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6494.00015","article-title":"Threat to gender representation: Identity and identification.","volume":"66","author":"Cramer","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Pers"},{"key":"R22-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6494.00064","article-title":"Personality, personality disorders and defense mechanisms.","volume":"67","author":"Cramer","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Pers"},{"key":"R23-3-20210208","article-title":"Protecting the Self: Defense Mechanisms in Action.","author":"Cramer","year":"2006"},{"key":"R24-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.23.2.410","article-title":"Identification and the development of competence: A 44-year longitudinal study from late adolescence to late middle age.","volume":"23","author":"Cramer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"key":"R25-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.74.1.159","article-title":"Preschool antecedents of defense mechanism use in young adults.","volume":"74","author":"Cramer","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"R26-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1988.tb00474.x","article-title":"The effects of success and failure on children's use of defense mechanisms.","volume":"56","author":"Cramer","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Pers"},{"key":"R27-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000110285.53930.44","article-title":"Defense mechanisms in adolescent conduct disorder and adjustment reaction.","volume":"192","author":"Cramer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"R28-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2004.07.003","article-title":"The pathway from child personality to adult adjustment: The road is not straight.","volume":"39","author":"Cramer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Res Pers"},{"key":"R29-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020983308496","article-title":"Psychosocial characterization of physically abused children from low socioeconomic households in comparison to neglected and nonmaltreated children.","volume":"11","author":"Finzi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Child Fam Stud"},{"key":"R30-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-440X(03)00106-8","article-title":"Comparison of ego defenses among physically abused children, neglected and non-maltreated children.","volume":"44","author":"Finzi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"R31-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000230654.49933.23","article-title":"From emotional abuse in childhood to psychopathology in adulthood.","volume":"194","author":"Finzi-Dottan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"R32-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2007.00465.x","article-title":"Adult attachment and preemptive defenses: Converging evidence on the role of defensive exclusion at the level of encoding.","volume":"75","author":"Fraley","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pers"},{"key":"R33-3-20210208","article-title":"Attachment Theory and Close Relationships (pp 249\u2013279).","author":"Fraley","year":"1998"},{"key":"R34-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.79.5.816","article-title":"Adult attachment and the defensive regulation of attention and memory: Examining the role of preemptive and postemptive defensive processes.","volume":"79","author":"Fraley","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"R35-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.73.5.1080","article-title":"Adult attachment and the suppression of unwanted thoughts.","volume":"73","author":"Fraley","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"R36-3-20210208","article-title":"The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense.","author":"Freud","year":"1936"},{"key":"R37-3-20210208","article-title":"The Neuro-Psychoses of Defence (Std ed, Vol 3, pp 45\u201361).","author":"Freud","year":"1894"},{"key":"R38-3-20210208","article-title":"Handbook of Child Psychology, Vol 4: Child Psychology in Practice (5th ed, pp 775\u2013876).","author":"Goodman","year":"1998"},{"key":"R39-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.67.3.430","article-title":"Models of the self and other: Fundamental dimensions underlying measures of adult attachment.","volume":"67","author":"Griffin","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"R40-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa6302_1","article-title":"Validation of Cramer's defense mechanisms manual for the TAT.","volume":"63","author":"Hibbard","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"key":"R41-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.7.600","article-title":"Childhood maltreatment increases risk for personality disorders during early adulthood.","volume":"56","author":"Johnson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"R42-3-20210208","article-title":"Child Maltreatment: Theory and Research on the Causes and Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect (pp 129\u2013150).","author":"Kaufman","year":"1989"},{"key":"R44-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199205000-00001","article-title":"From abuse to violence: Psychophysiological consequences of maltreatment.","volume":"31","author":"Lewis","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"R45-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.48.4.440","article-title":"Adult attachment orientations, self-other boundary regulation and splitting tendencies in a college sample.","volume":"48","author":"Lopez","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Couns Psychol"},{"key":"R46-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1080\/14616730500039606","article-title":"Attachment state of mind and perceptual processing of emotional stimuli.","volume":"7","author":"Maier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Attach Hum Dev"},{"key":"R48-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.114.1.68","article-title":"Long-term consequences of childhood physical abuse.","volume":"114","author":"Malinowsky-Rummel","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"R49-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-3200.14.4.613","article-title":"Domestic violence, parents' views of their infant and risk for child abuse.","volume":"20","author":"McGuigan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Fam Psychol"},{"key":"R50-3-20210208","article-title":"Attachment Theory and Research in Clinical Work With Adults (pp 293\u2013327).","author":"Mikulincer","year":"2008"},{"key":"R51-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.76.6.1022","article-title":"Adult attachment style and the perception of others: The role of projective mechanisms.","volume":"76","author":"Mikulincer","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"R52-3-20210208","article-title":"Thematic Apperception Test manual.","author":"Murray","year":"1943"},{"key":"R53-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.82.3.419","article-title":"Adult attachment and the perception of facial expression of emotion.","volume":"82","author":"Niedenthal","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"R54-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa7103_9","article-title":"Defense mechanism development in children, adolescents and late adolescents.","volume":"71","author":"Porcerelli","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"key":"R55-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa8203_07","article-title":"Defense mechanisms and self-reported violence toward partners and strangers.","volume":"82","author":"Porcerelli","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"key":"R56-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(84)90022-X","article-title":"Psychopathology of the physically abusing parent: A comparison with the borderline syndrome.","volume":"8","author":"Prodgers","year":"1984","journal-title":"Child Abuse Neglect"},{"key":"R57-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.7.1080","article-title":"Psychological defense styles in women who report childhood sexual abuse: A controlled community study.","volume":"156","author":"Romans","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R58-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6494.7104004","article-title":"Girls' use of defense mechanisms following peer rejection.","volume":"71","author":"Sandstrom","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pers"},{"key":"R59-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/14616730210154171","article-title":"Attachment-related psychodynamics.","volume":"4","author":"Shaver","year":"2002","journal-title":"AttachHum Dev"},{"key":"R60-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2008.00146.x","article-title":"Adult attachment and cognitive and affective reactions to positive and negative events.","volume":"2","author":"Shaver","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soc Pers Psychol Compass"},{"key":"R61-3-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.116.2.340","article-title":"Stress, appraisal and coping in child sexual abuse: A theoretical and empirical review.","volume":"116","author":"Spaccarelli","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"}],"container-title":["Journal of Nervous &amp; Mental Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00005053-201009000-00003","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T18:40:08Z","timestamp":1786041608000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00005053-201009000-00003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/nmd.0b013e3181ef3ee1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3018"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3018","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]}}}