{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:26:20Z","timestamp":1786119980547,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/ogx.0b013e3182277fb7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,22]],"date-time":"2011-07-22T20:11:27Z","timestamp":1311365487000},"page":"299-315","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["Vulvodynia Interventions\u2014Systematic Review and Evidence Grading"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey C.","family":"Andrews","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-17-20210212","first-page":"447","article-title":"Vulvodynia: a state of the art consensus on definitions, diagnosis and management.","volume":"51","author":"Bachmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"R2-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(99)00256-0","article-title":"Vulvodynia: an introduction and critical review of a chronic pain condition.","volume":"86","author":"Masheb","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"R3-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1097\/01.lgt.0000225898.37090.04","article-title":"Report of the International Society for the Study of Vulvovaginal Disease terminology and classification of vulvodynia.","volume":"11","author":"Haefner","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Low Gen Tract Dis"},{"key":"R4-17-20210212","first-page":"772","article-title":"2003 ISSVD terminology and classification of vulvodynia: a historical perspective.","volume":"49","author":"Moyal-Barracco","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"R5-17-20210212","first-page":"883","article-title":"Subsets of vulvodynia: overlapping characteristics.","volume":"49","author":"Edwards","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"issue":"suppl 3","key":"R6-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S24","DOI":"10.1067\/S0002-9378(03)00790-7","article-title":"New concepts in vulvodynia.","volume":"189","author":"Edwards","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R7-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2009.01592.x","article-title":"Moving beyond the diagnosis of vestibulodynia\u2014a holiday wish list [editorial].","volume":"6","author":"Goldstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"R8-17-20210212","first-page":"110","article-title":"Vulvar vestibulitis syndrome.","volume":"32","author":"Friedrich","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"R9-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(12)90732-2","article-title":"Vulvar vestibulitis syndrome: an overview.","volume":"165","author":"Marinoff","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"R10-17-20210212","first-page":"45","article-title":"Vulvar vestibulitis syndrome: reliability of diagnosis and evaluation of current diagnostic criteria.","volume":"98","author":"Bergeron","year":"2001","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R11-17-20210212","first-page":"457","article-title":"Burning vulva syndrome: report of ISSVD task force.","volume":"29","author":"McKay","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"R12-17-20210212","first-page":"773","article-title":"Vulvodynia: a syndrome of unexplained vulvar pain, psychologic disability and sexual dysfunction. The 1985 ISSVD presidential address.","volume":"31","author":"Lynch","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"R13-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2006.09.032","article-title":"Symptoms of interstitial cystitis, painful bladder syndrome and similar diseases in women: a systematic review.","volume":"177","author":"Bogart","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"R14-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2007.11.013","article-title":"Characterization of a clinical cohort of 87 women with interstitial cystitis\/painful bladder syndrome.","volume":"71","author":"Peters","year":"2008","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"R15-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000199951.26822.27","article-title":"Vulvodynia: characteristics and associations with comorbidities and quality of life.","volume":"107","author":"Arnold","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R16-17-20210212","article-title":"Functional Pain Syndromes: Presentation and Pathophysiology.","year":"2009"},{"key":"R17-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/00128360-200501000-00009","article-title":"The vulvodynia guideline.","volume":"9","author":"Haefner","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Lower Gen Tract Dis"},{"key":"R18-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e31815aac4d","article-title":"The treatment of provoked vestibulodynia: a critical review.","volume":"24","author":"Landry","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"R20-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.328.7454.1490","article-title":"Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations.","volume":"328","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R21-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","article-title":"Rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations.","volume":"336","author":"Guyatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R22-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(01)00371-2","article-title":"What is a \u201cclinically meaningful\u201d reduction in pain?","volume":"94","author":"Rowbotham","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"R23-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1080\/00016340600883401","article-title":"EMG biofeedback versus topical lidocaine gel: a randomized study for the treatment of women with vulvar vestibulitis.","volume":"85","author":"Danielsson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scan"},{"key":"R24-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2003.007328","article-title":"Treatment of vulval vestibulitis with a potent topical steroid.","volume":"80","author":"Munday","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"R25-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1159\/000010309","article-title":"Pure versus complicated vulvar vestibulitis: a randomized trial of fluconazole treatment.","volume":"50","author":"Bornstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Invest"},{"key":"R26-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1159\/000291409","article-title":"Combination of subtotal perineoplasty and interferon for the treatment of vulvar vestibulitis.","volume":"44","author":"Bornstein","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Invest"},{"key":"R27-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(00)00449-8","article-title":"A randomized comparison of group cognitive-behavioral therapy, surface electromyographic biofeedback, and vestibulectomy in the treatment of dyspareunia resulting from vulvar vestibulitis.","volume":"91","author":"Bergeron","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"R28-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1995.tb11405.x","article-title":"Perineoplasty versus vestibuloplasty for severe vulvar vestibulitis: a randomized comparison.","volume":"102","author":"Bornstein","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"R29-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181e9e0ab","article-title":"Oral desipramine and topical lidocaine for vulvodynia: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"116","author":"Foster","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R30-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2008.01803.x","article-title":"Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation to treat vestibulodynia: a randomised controlled trial.","volume":"115","author":"Murina","year":"2008","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"R31-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.77.1.53","article-title":"Cromolyn cream for recalcitrant idiopathic vulvar vestibulitis: results of a placebo-controlled study.","volume":"77","author":"Nyirjesy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sex Transm Inf"},{"key":"R32-17-20210212","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Efficacy study of topical application of nifedipine cream to treat vulvar vestibulitis.","volume":"13","author":"Bornstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Lower Gen Tract Dis"},{"key":"R33-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2523","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2009.01378.x","article-title":"Botulinum toxin type A\u2014a novel treatment for provoked vestibulodynia? Results from a randomized, placebo controlled, double blinded study.","volume":"6","author":"Petersen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"R34-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/S0151-9638(06)77610-4","article-title":"Botulinum toxin for vulvar vestibulitis [in French].","volume":"133","author":"Bennani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annales de Dermatologie et de Venereologie"},{"key":"R35-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1159\/000079620","article-title":"Botulinum toxin for the treatment of genital pain syndromes.","volume":"58","author":"Romito","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Invest"},{"key":"R36-17-20210212","first-page":"635","article-title":"Subjective and objective outcomes of botulinum toxin type A treatment in vestibulodynia: pilot data.","volume":"51","author":"Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"R37-17-20210212","first-page":"467","article-title":"Botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of provoked vestibulodynia: an open-label, pilot study.","volume":"51","author":"Dykstra","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"R38-17-20210212","first-page":"713","article-title":"Treatment of vulvar vestibulitis with submucous infiltrations of methylprednisolone and lidocaine. An alternative approach.","volume":"46","author":"Murina","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"R39-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(02)00312-3","article-title":"Submucous infiltration of betamethasone and lidocaine in the treatment of vulvar vestibulitis.","volume":"107","author":"Segal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"R40-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.06.008","article-title":"Multilevel local anesthetic nerve blockade for the treatment of vulvar vestibulitis syndrome.","volume":"198","author":"Rapkin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R41-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-2243(91)90228-D","article-title":"Treatment of a patient with vulvar vestibulitis by intramuscular interferon beta: a case report.","volume":"42","author":"Bornstein","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynec Repro Bio"},{"key":"R42-17-20210212","first-page":"117","article-title":"Intramuscular beta-interferon treatment for severe vulvar vestibulitis.","volume":"38","author":"Bornstein","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"R43-17-20210212","first-page":"1138","article-title":"Interferon for vulvar vestibulitis.","volume":"35","author":"Kent","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"R44-17-20210212","first-page":"19","article-title":"Intralesional alpha interferon: cost effective therapy for vulvar vestibulitis syndrome.","volume":"38","author":"Marinoff","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"R45-17-20210212","first-page":"84","article-title":"Overnight 5% lidocaine ointment for treatment of vulvar vestibulitis.","volume":"102","author":"Zolnoun","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R46-17-20210212","first-page":"48","article-title":"Capsaicin and the treatment of vulvar vestibulitis syndrome: a valuable alternative?","volume":"6","author":"Murina","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med Gen Med"},{"key":"R47-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.626","article-title":"Capsaicin for the treatment of vulvar vestibulitis.","volume":"192","author":"Steinberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R48-17-20210212","first-page":"912","article-title":"Improvement in vulvar vestibulitis with montelukast.","volume":"52","author":"Kamdar","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"R49-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181827c77","article-title":"Topical gabapentin in the treatment of localized and generalized vulvodynia.","volume":"112","author":"Boardman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R50-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3109\/09546639609089552","article-title":"A preliminary study of topical ketoconazole in vulvar vestibulitis syndrome.","volume":"7","author":"Morrison","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Dermatolog Treat"},{"key":"R51-17-20210212","first-page":"879","article-title":"Calcium citrate for vulvar vestibulitis: a case report.","volume":"36","author":"Solomons","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"R52-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(98)00208-2","article-title":"Vulvar vestibulitis treated by modified vestibulectomy.","volume":"64","author":"Kehoe","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"R53-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000295864.76032.a7","article-title":"Surgical and behavioral treatments for vestibulodynia: two-and-one-half year follow-up and predictors of outcome.","volume":"111","author":"Bergeron","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R55-17-20210212","first-page":"23","article-title":"The use of amielle vaginal trainers as adjuvant in the treatment of vestibulodynia: an observational multicentric study.","volume":"10","author":"Murina","year":"2008","journal-title":"Medscape J Med"},{"key":"R56-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2009.01304.x","article-title":"A prospective study of pelvic floor physical therapy: pain and psychosexual outcomes in provoked vestibulodynia.","volume":"6","author":"Goldfinger","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"R57-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1080\/01443610902954345","article-title":"Does physiotherapy treatment improve the self-reported pain levels and quality of life of women with vulvodynia? A pilot study.","volume":"29","author":"Forth","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"R58-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1080\/009262302760328226","article-title":"Physical therapy for vulvar vestibulitis syndrome: a retrospective study.","volume":"28","author":"Bergeron","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Sex Marital Ther"},{"key":"R59-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20060168","article-title":"Management of dyspareunia and associated levator ani muscle overactivity.","volume":"87","author":"Fisher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"R60-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/713847129","article-title":"Electrical stimulation (ES) in the management of sexual pain disorders.","volume":"29","author":"Nappi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Sex Marital Ther"},{"key":"R61-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2001.080005437.x","article-title":"Acupuncture for the treatment of vulvar vestibulitis: a pilot study.","volume":"80","author":"Danielsson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scan"},{"key":"R62-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-2115(96)02502-X","article-title":"Vulvar vestibulitis subjects undergoing surgical intervention: a descriptive analysis and histopathological correlates.","volume":"68","author":"Chaim","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"R63-17-20210212","first-page":"591","article-title":"Vestibulectomy for vulvar vestibulitis.","volume":"48","author":"Gaunt","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"R64-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1080\/00926239708403935","article-title":"The surgical treatment of vulvar vestibulitis syndrome: a follow-up study.","volume":"23","author":"Bergeron","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Sex Marital Ther"},{"key":"R65-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000195058.91506.ae","article-title":"Surgical treatment for the vulvar vestibulitis syndrome.","volume":"107","author":"Traas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R66-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2006.00303.x","article-title":"Surgical treatment of vulvar vestibulitis syndrome: outcome assessment derived from a postoperative questionnaire.","volume":"3","author":"Goldstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"R67-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(99)00061-5","article-title":"Evaluation of the surgical treatment of vulvar vestibulitis.","volume":"86","author":"McCormack","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"R68-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(96)70200-4","article-title":"Simplified surgical revision of the vulvar vestibule for vulvar vestibulitis.","volume":"174","author":"Goetsch","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R69-17-20210212","first-page":"227","article-title":"Outcome of surgical treatment for superficial dyspareunia from vulvar vestibulitis.","volume":"46","author":"Schneider","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"R70-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2004.03.005","article-title":"Association between quantitative sensory testing, treatment choice, and subsequent pain reduction in vulvar vestibulitis syndrome.","volume":"5","author":"Granot","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"R71-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2004.04.039","article-title":"Modified vulvar vestibulectomy: simple and effective surgery for the treatment of vulvar vestibulitis.","volume":"120","author":"Lavy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"R72-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(97)00102-6","article-title":"Predicting the outcome of surgical treatment of vulvar vestibulitis.","volume":"89","author":"Bornstein","year":"1997","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R73-17-20210212","first-page":"435","article-title":"Is modified vestibulectomy for localized provoked vulvodynia an effective long-term treatment? A follow-up study.","volume":"53","author":"Eva","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Reprod Med Jun"},{"key":"R74-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1089\/104240603763487122","article-title":"Modified vestibulectomy is inadequate treatment for secondary vulvar vestibulitis.","volume":"19","author":"Rettenmaier","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Gynecol Surg March"},{"key":"R75-17-20210212","first-page":"597","article-title":"Surgery combined with muscle therapy for dyspareunia from vulvar vestibulitis: an observational study.","volume":"52","author":"Goetsch","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"R76-17-20210212","first-page":"407","article-title":"Patients' assessments of a superficial modified vestibulectomy for vestibulodynia.","volume":"53","author":"Goetsch","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"R77-17-20210212","first-page":"83","article-title":"Surgery for localized, provoked vestibulodynia: a long-term follow-up study.","volume":"53","author":"Bohm-Starke","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"R78-17-20210212","first-page":"53","article-title":"YAG laser therapy for the treatment of vestibulodynia: a follow-up study.","volume":"52","author":"Leclair","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"R79-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)90637-8","article-title":"Surgery as a placebo.","volume":"344","author":"Johnson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R80-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa013259","article-title":"A controlled trial of arthroscopic surgery for osteoarthritis of the knee.","volume":"347","author":"Moseley","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R81-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1268","article-title":"Laparoscopic uterosacral nerve ablation for alleviating chronic pelvic pain\u2014a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"302","author":"Daniels","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R82-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199912000-00026","article-title":"Gabapentin therapy for vulvodynia.","volume":"89","author":"Ben-David","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anesth Anal"},{"key":"R83-17-20210212","first-page":"103","article-title":"Evaluation of gabapentin in the treatment of generalized vulvodynia, unprovoked.","volume":"52","author":"Harris","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"R84-17-20210212","first-page":"9","article-title":"Dysesthetic (\u201cessential\u201d) vulvodynia. Treatment with amitriptyline.","volume":"38","author":"McKay","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"R85-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1080\/01443610120085591","article-title":"Response to treatment in dysaesthetic vulvodynia.","volume":"21","author":"Munday","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"R86-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1097\/01.lgt.0000225899.75207.0a","article-title":"Treatment of vulvodynia with tricyclic antidepressants: efficacy and associated factors.","volume":"10","author":"Reed","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Lower Gen Tract Dis"},{"key":"R87-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2004.02.575","article-title":"Botulinum toxin a for vulvodynia: a case report.","volume":"5","author":"Gunter","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"R88-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijir.3901487","article-title":"Botulinum toxin A for the management of vulvodynia.","volume":"19","author":"Yoon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Intl J Impotence Res"},{"key":"R89-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1177\/014107689909201110","article-title":"Acupuncture for vulvodynia.","volume":"92","author":"Powell","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Royal Soc Med"},{"key":"R90-17-20210212","first-page":"21","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of topical nitroglycerin for treatment of vulvar pain in women with vulvodynia: a pilot study.","volume":"5","author":"Walsh","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Gender-Specific Med"},{"key":"R91-17-20210212","first-page":"645","article-title":"Novel bioadhesive patch-type system for photodynamic vulvodynia therapy after delivery of 5-aminolevulinic acid: preliminary evaluation.","volume":"52","author":"Zawislak","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"R92-17-20210212","first-page":"821","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation for intractable vulvar pain. A case report.","volume":"48","author":"Whiteside","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"R93-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000299879.40565.2d","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulator for the treatment of a woman with vulvovaginal burning and deep pelvic pain.","volume":"111","author":"Nair","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R94-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20393","article-title":"Levator ani trigger point injections: an underutilized treatment for chronic pelvic pain.","volume":"26","author":"Langford","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodynam"},{"key":"R95-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(00)00180-6","article-title":"Static magnetic field therapy for pain in the abdomen and genitals.","volume":"23","author":"Holcomb","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"R96-17-20210212","first-page":"798","article-title":"Dysesthetic vulvodynia. Long-term follow-up after treatment with surface electromyography-assisted pelvic floor muscle rehabilitation.","volume":"45","author":"Glazer","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"R97-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780060306","article-title":"Why do we need systematic overviews of randomized trials?","volume":"6","author":"Peto","year":"1987","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"R98-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03520290060030","article-title":"Empirical evidence of bias\u2014dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials.","volume":"273","author":"Schulz","year":"1995","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R99-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/S1529-9430(02)00409-6","article-title":"Two-year follow-up of a controlled trial of intradiscal electrothermal annuloplasty for chronic low back pain resulting from internal disc disruption.","volume":"2","author":"Bogduk","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"R100-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000261492.55121.93","article-title":"Percutaneous thermocoagulation intradiscal techniques for discogenic low back pain.","volume":"32","author":"Urrutia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"R101-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2007.00578.x","article-title":"Correlates of placebo response in the treatment of sexual dysfunction in women: a preliminary report.","volume":"4","author":"Bradford","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"R102-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-200309000-00001","article-title":"What is a meaningful pain reduction in patients with complex regional pain syndrome type 1?","volume":"19","author":"Forouzanfar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"R103-17-20210212","first-page":"7","article-title":"Pain: Causes and Management.","author":"Hawthorn","year":"1998"},{"key":"R104-17-20210212","first-page":"107","article-title":"Vulvodynia as a possible somatization disorder. More than just a notion.","volume":"52","author":"Mascherpa","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"R105-17-20210212","first-page":"390","article-title":"Vulvodynia as a somatoform disorder.","volume":"53","author":"Lynch","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"R106-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.03.002","article-title":"Incidence rates and treatment of neuropathic pain conditions in the general population.","volume":"137","author":"Dieleman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"R108-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2004.10.007","article-title":"Pharmacological treatment of peripheral neuropathic conditions based on shared commonalities despite multiple etiologies.","volume":"113","author":"Hansson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"R109-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2004.00791.x","article-title":"EFNS guidelines on neuropathic pain assessment.","volume":"11","author":"Cruccu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"R110-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2006.01511.x","article-title":"EFNS guidelines on pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain.","volume":"13","author":"Attal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"R111-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000277274.83301.c0","article-title":"Differences and similarities between atypical facial pain and trigeminal neuropathic pain.","volume":"69","author":"Forssell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R112-17-20210212","article-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-IV-TR. 4th ed, Text Revision.","year":"2000"},{"key":"R113-17-20210212","first-page":"697","article-title":"A double-blind, randomized, controlled study of amitriptyline, nortriptyline and placebo in patients with fibromyalgia. An analysis of outcome measures.","volume":"19","author":"Heymann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"R114-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2005.08.013","article-title":"Algorithm for neuropathic pain treatment: an evidence based proposal.","volume":"118","author":"Finnerup","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"R115-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2008.03200.x","article-title":"Enriched enrolment: definition, and effects of enrichment and dose in trials of pregabalin and gabapentin in neuropathic pain. A systematic review.","volume":"66","author":"Straube","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharm"},{"key":"R116-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-2105","article-title":"Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of pregabalin treatment for painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Findings from seven randomized, controlled trials across a range of doses.","volume":"31","author":"Freeman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"R117-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.08.033","article-title":"Pharmacologic management of neuropathic pain: evidence-based recommendations.","volume":"132","author":"Dworkin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"R118-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2005.02.032","article-title":"Efficacy of pregabalin in neuropathic pain evaluated in a 12-week, randomised, double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled trial of flexible- and fixed-dose regimens.","volume":"115","author":"Freynhagena","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"R119-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.02.024","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of duloxetine for treatment of fibromyalgia in patients with or without major depressive disorder: results from a 6-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, fixed-dose trial.","volume":"136","author":"Russell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"R120-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2009.02806.x","article-title":"Amitriptyline vs. pregabalin in painful diabetic neuropathy: a randomized double blind clinical trial.","volume":"26","author":"Bansal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetic Med"},{"key":"R121-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2008.944","article-title":"Treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome with antidepressants: a meta-analysis.","volume":"301","author":"Hauser","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R122-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.06.024","article-title":"Placebo response in neuropathic pain trials.","volume":"138","author":"Quessy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"R124-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.18.1922","article-title":"Pharmacologic management of painful bladder syndrome\/interstitial cystitis: a systematic review.","volume":"167","author":"Dimitrakov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"R125-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e328285dfd6","article-title":"Treatment of painful neuropathy.","volume":"20","author":"Cruccu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"R126-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2003.08.001","article-title":"Core outcome domains for chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations.","volume":"106","author":"Turk","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"R127-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2004.09.012","article-title":"Core outcome measures for chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations.","volume":"113","author":"Dworkin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"R128-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.09.028","article-title":"Developing outcome measures for pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations.","volume":"125","author":"Turk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"R129-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2009.08.019","article-title":"Interpreting the clinical importance of group differences in chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations.","volume":"146","author":"Dworkin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"R130-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.06.025","article-title":"Analyzing multiple endpoints in clinical trials of pain treatments: IMMPACT recommendations.","volume":"139","author":"Turk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"R131-17-20210212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2007.09.005","article-title":"Interpreting the clinical importance of treatment outcomes in chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations.","volume":"9","author":"Dworkin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pain"}],"container-title":["Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00006254-201105000-00017","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T19:37:37Z","timestamp":1786045057000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00006254-201105000-00017"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]},"references-count":127,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ogx.0b013e3182277fb7","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.726857455.793524483","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0029-7828"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0029-7828","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]}}}