{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:44:25Z","timestamp":1787010265707,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]],"date-time":"2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583020800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Open fractures are complex presentations with elevated risks of infection and nonunion due to a multitude of factors. Along with early surgical debridement, antibiotics have been heavily utilized and have become part of standard of care to reduce the risks of fracture-related infections. Many aspects of their use have been studied and debated. The early administration of intravenous antibiotics has been shown to significantly reduce the incidence of infection. Furthermore, current standards do not recommend prolonged antibiotic administration post wound closure. Recently, an increasing number of studies have assessed the utility of locally administered antibiotics. Clinical and basic science studies have been relatively supportive of their usage, but further studies are still warranted to further delineate their effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/oi9.0000000000000071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,29]],"date-time":"2020-03-29T20:11:11Z","timestamp":1585512671000},"page":"e071","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Antibiotic utilization in open fractures"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Yousif","family":"Atwan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Western University, London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodore","family":"Miclau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emil H.","family":"Schemitsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Western University, London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Teague","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City, OK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20231103","first-page":"36","article-title":"Factors influencing infection rate in open fracture wounds","author":"Patzakis","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"key":"R2-20231103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197658040-00004","article-title":"Prevention of infection in the treatment of one thousand and twenty-five open fractures of long bones: retrospective and prospective analyses","volume":"58","author":"Gustilo","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am."},{"key":"R3-20231103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.019","article-title":"Infection after fracture fixation: current surgical and microbiological concepts","volume":"49","author":"Metsemakers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Injury."},{"key":"R4-20231103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2017.03.030","article-title":"Infection after fracture fixation of the tibia: analysis of healthcare utilization and related costs","volume":"48","author":"Metsemakers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Injury."},{"key":"R5-20231103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2017.01.005","article-title":"Prevention of infection in open fractures","volume":"31","author":"Zalavras","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North 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long bone fracture: a prospective cohort study of 736 subjects","volume":"30","author":"Westgeest","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma."},{"key":"R12-20231103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.96B3.32380","article-title":"Delayed debridement of severe open fractures is associated with a higher rate of deep infection","volume":"96-B","author":"Hull","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bone Joint J."},{"key":"R14-20231103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-130-02-06","article-title":"Sepsis in soft tissue limbs wounds in soldiers injured during the Falklands Campaign 1982","volume":"130","author":"Jackson","year":"1984","journal-title":"J R Army Med Corps."},{"key":"R15-20231103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2007.02.043","article-title":"The effect of the timing of antibiotics and surgical treatment on infection rates in open long-bone fractures: a 9-year prospective study from a district general hospital","volume":"38","author":"Al-Arabi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Injury."},{"key":"R16-20231103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000000262","article-title":"Type III open tibia fractures: immediate antibiotic prophylaxis minimizes infection","volume":"29","author":"Lack","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma."},{"key":"R17-20231103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0202013","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202013","article-title":"Administration of intravenous antibiotics in patients with open fractures is dependent on emergency room triaging","volume":"13","author":"Harper","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"R18-20231103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-18-00528","article-title":"A performance improvement project in antibiotic administration for open fractures","volume":"28","author":"Siebler","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg."},{"key":"R19-20231103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-1383(84)90152-9","article-title":"The management of type III open tibial fractures","volume":"16","author":"Chan","year":"1984","journal-title":"Injury."},{"key":"R20-20231103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)31673-4","article-title":"Choice and duration of antibiotics in open fractures","volume":"22","author":"Wilkins","year":"1991","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am."},{"key":"R21-20231103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200612000-00025","article-title":"Trends in the management of open fractures. 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