{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:17:22Z","timestamp":1786119442258,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/olq.0b013e3181cfcc4b","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,23]],"date-time":"2010-03-23T02:41:52Z","timestamp":1269312112000},"page":"460-466","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["Epidemiological Synergy of Trichomonas vaginalis and HIV in Zimbabwean and South African Women"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Sue Napierala","family":"Mavedzenge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara Van Der","family":"Pol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth T.","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Blanchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy de","family":"Bruyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gita","family":"Ramjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariane van der","family":"Straten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R2-11-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-005-0027-8","article-title":"Efforts to control sexually transmitted infections as a means to limit HIV transmission: What is the evidence?","volume":"7","author":"Dallabetta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Infect Dis Rep"},{"key":"R3-11-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.75.1.3","article-title":"From epidemiological synergy to public health policy and practice: The contribution of other sexually transmitted diseases to sexual transmission of HIV infection.","volume":"75","author":"Fleming","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"R4-11-20210213","article-title":"Global Prevalence and Incidence of Selected Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections, Overviews and Estimates.","year":"2001"},{"key":"R5-11-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.2.300","article-title":"Clinical and microbiological aspects of Trichomonas vaginalis.","volume":"11","author":"Petrin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"R6-11-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199707000-00008","article-title":"Trichomonas vaginalis associated with low birth weight and preterm delivery. The Vaginal Infections and Prematurity Study Group.","volume":"24","author":"Cotch","year":"1997","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"R7-11-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1086\/338399","article-title":"Trichomonas vaginalis is associated with pelvic inflammatory disease in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus.","volume":"34","author":"Moodley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R8-11-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/00003081-197503000-00008","article-title":"Trichomoniasis, candidiasis, and the minor venereal diseases.","volume":"18","author":"Rein","year":"1975","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R9-11-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199301000-00015","article-title":"Non-ulcerative sexually transmitted diseases as risk factors for HIV-1 transmission in women: Results from a cohort study.","volume":"7","author":"Laga","year":"1993","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R10-11-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1086\/511278","article-title":"Infection with Trichomonas vaginalis increases the risk of HIV-1 acquisition.","volume":"195","author":"McClelland","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R11-11-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200110000-00005","article-title":"A systematic review of the epidemiologic interactions between classic sexually transmitted diseases and HIV: How much really is known?","volume":"28","author":"Rottingen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"R12-11-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1086\/526496","article-title":"Trichomonas vaginalis infection and human immunodeficiency virus acquisition in African women.","volume":"197","author":"Van Der Pol","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R13-11-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)93005-8","article-title":"Condom promotion, sexually transmitted diseases treatment, and declining incidence of HIV-1 infection in female Zairian sex workers.","volume":"344","author":"Laga","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R14-11-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000154504.54686.d1","article-title":"Metaanalysis and metaregression in interpreting study variability in the impact of sexually transmitted diseases on susceptibility to HIV infection.","volume":"32","author":"Sexton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"R15-11-20210213","first-page":"S99","article-title":"Sexual transmission of HIV and the epidemiology of other sexually transmitted diseases.","volume":"4","author":"Cameron","year":"1990","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R16-11-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(20)30558-4","article-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases and human immunodeficiency virus. Epidemiologic synergy?","volume":"7","author":"Clottey","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"R17-11-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199609000-00015","article-title":"The causal role for genital ulcer disease as a risk factor for transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. An application of the Bradford Hill criteria.","volume":"23","author":"Dickerson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"R18-11-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199001000-00008","article-title":"Epidemiological methods to study the interaction between HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases.","volume":"4","author":"Mertens","year":"1990","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R19-11-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199219020-00001","article-title":"Epidemiological synergy. Interrelationships between human immunodeficiency virus infection and other sexually transmitted diseases.","volume":"19","author":"Wasserheit","year":"1992","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"R20-11-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/172.5.1371","article-title":"Genital ulcers associated with human immunodeficiency virus-related immunosuppression in female sex workers in Abidjan, Ivory Coast.","volume":"172","author":"Ghys","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R21-11-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462981921341","article-title":"Gynaecological conditions associated with HIV infection in women who are partners of HIV-positive Thai blood donors.","volume":"9","author":"Rugpao","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"R22-11-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114040","article-title":"Epidemiologic evidence for the development of serovar-specific immunity after gonococcal infection.","volume":"83","author":"Plummer","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"R23-11-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462961918374","article-title":"Genital ulcer disease among STD clinic attenders in Nairobi: Association with HIV-1 and circumcision status.","volume":"7","author":"Nasio","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"R24-11-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199708000-00001","article-title":"Risk factors for genital ulcerations in Kenyan sex workers. The role of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection.","volume":"24","author":"Kaul","year":"1997","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"R25-11-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.75.2.98","article-title":"Seroprevalence and incidence of genital ulcer infections in a rural Ugandan population.","volume":"75","author":"Kamali","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"R26-11-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1086\/315076","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection among male Zimbabwean factory workers.","volume":"180","author":"McFarland","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R27-11-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1086\/427262","article-title":"Contribution of HIV-1 infection to acquisition of sexually transmitted disease: A 10-year prospective study.","volume":"191","author":"McClelland","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R28-11-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)02190-9","article-title":"Reduction of concentration of HIV-1 in semen after treatment of urethritis: Implications for prevention of sexual transmission of HIV-1. AIDSCAP Malawi Research Group.","volume":"349","author":"Cohen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R29-11-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F85","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199712000-00001","article-title":"The associations between cervicovaginal HIV shedding, sexually transmitted diseases and immunosuppression in female sex workers in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire.","volume":"11","author":"Ghys","year":"1997","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R30-11-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199908000-00003","article-title":"Trichomonas vaginalis as a cause of urethritis in Malawian men.","volume":"26","author":"Hobbs","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"R31-11-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60950-7","article-title":"Diaphragm and lubricant gel for prevention of HIV acquisition in southern African women: A randomized controlled trial.","volume":"370","author":"Padian","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R32-11-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.2.366-373.2006","article-title":"Use of an adaptation of a commercially available PCR assay aimed at diagnosis of chlamydia and gonorrhea to detect Trichomonas vaginalis in urogenital specimens.","volume":"44","author":"Van Der Pol","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R33-11-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-3294-8","article-title":"Modeling Survival Data: Extending the Cox Model.","author":"Therneau","year":"2000"},{"key":"R34-11-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1985.03350310071027","article-title":"Cytologic manifestations of cervical and vaginal infections. I. Epithelial and inflammatory cellular changes.","volume":"253","author":"Kiviat","year":"1985","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R35-11-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1086\/513820","article-title":"Increase in endocervical CD4 lymphocytes among women with nonulcerative sexually transmitted diseases.","volume":"177","author":"Levine","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R36-11-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.7.2683-2687.2000","article-title":"18S ribosomal DNA-based PCR for diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis.","volume":"38","author":"Mayta","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R37-11-20210213","first-page":"693","article-title":"Epidemiologic analysis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in inflammatory smears.","volume":"38","author":"Sardana","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Cytol"},{"key":"R38-11-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/141.2.137","article-title":"Trichomonas vaginalis: Reevaluation of its clinical presentation and laboratory diagnosis.","volume":"141","author":"Fouts","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R39-11-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00002-08","article-title":"Current issues and considerations regarding trichomoniasis and human immunodeficiency virus in African-Americans.","volume":"22","author":"Shafir","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"R40-11-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1086\/515366","article-title":"Cysteine proteases of Trichomonas vaginalis degrade secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor.","volume":"178","author":"Draper","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"R41-11-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S168","DOI":"10.1086\/425274","article-title":"Determinants of the impact of sexually transmitted infection treatment on prevention of HIV infection: A synthesis of evidence from the Mwanza, Rakai, and Masaka intervention trials.","volume":"191","author":"Korenromp","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R42-11-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04331-2","article-title":"Probability of HIV-1 transmission per coital act in monogamous, heterosexual, HIV-1-discordant couples in Rakai, Uganda.","volume":"357","author":"Gray","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R43-11-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200201000-00007","article-title":"Reducing the risk of sexual HIV transmission: Quantifying the per-act risk for HIV on the basis of choice of partner, sex act, and condom use.","volume":"29","author":"Varghese","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"R44-11-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70021-0","article-title":"Heterosexual risk of HIV-1 infection per sexual act: Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.","volume":"9","author":"Boily","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"R45-11-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09095-5","article-title":"HIV-1\/AIDS and the control of other infectious diseases in Africa.","volume":"359","author":"Corbett","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R46-11-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/79703","article-title":"AIDS in Africa: A disaster no longer waiting to happen.","volume":"1","author":"Kaul","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"R47-11-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)04240-2","article-title":"Hormonal contraception, vitamin A deficiency, and other risk factors for shedding of HIV-1 infected cells from the cervix and vagina.","volume":"350","author":"Mostad","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Sexually Transmitted Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181cfcc4b","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T18:19:04Z","timestamp":1786040344000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00007435-201007000-00011"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/olq.0b013e3181cfcc4b","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.7782956.8119055","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0148-5717"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-5717","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]}}}