{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:32:55Z","timestamp":1786120375722,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/olq.0b013e318238b85d","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,1]],"date-time":"2011-11-01T03:44:32Z","timestamp":1320119072000},"page":"1151-1158","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Will Changes in Gay Men's Sexual Behavior Reduce Syphilis Rates?"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Richard T.","family":"Gray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Hoare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pol Dominic","family":"McCann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Bradley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Down","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basil","family":"Donovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garrett","family":"Prestage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David P.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2807\/esm.09.12.00491-en","article-title":"A multilevel approach to understanding the resurgence and evolution of infectious syphilis in Western Europe.","volume":"9","author":"Fenton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"R3-13-20210213","first-page":"1","article-title":"2004 Canadian sexually transmitted infections surveillance report.","volume":"33","year":"2007","journal-title":"Can Commun Dis Rep"},{"key":"R4-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.2217\/hiv.10.55","article-title":"The intersection between HIV and syphilis in men who have sex with men: Some fresh perspectives.","volume":"4","author":"Drummond","year":"2010","journal-title":"HIV Ther"},{"key":"R6-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2008.008193","article-title":"Improvements in sexual health testing among gay men in Sydney, Australia, 2003\u20132007.","volume":"19","author":"Zablotska","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"R7-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000233709.93891.e5","article-title":"Rising rates of syphilis in the era of syphilis elimination.","volume":"34","author":"Kerani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"R8-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1071\/NB10009","article-title":"How does the HIV epidemic in NSW compare to other Australian jurisdictions and internationally?","volume":"21","author":"McPherson","year":"2010","journal-title":"N S W Public Health Bull"},{"key":"R10-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198545996.001.0001","article-title":"Infectious Diseases of Humans.","author":"Anderson","year":"1991"},{"key":"R12-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2951","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200012220-00023","article-title":"Sexual risk behaviour increases and is associated with HIV optimism among HIV-negative and HIV-positive gay men in Sydney over the 4 year period to February 2000.","volume":"14","author":"Van de Ven","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R13-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e318238b846","article-title":"Would gay men change their sexual behavior to reduce syphilis rates?","volume":"38","author":"McCann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"R14-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31820e64fd","article-title":"Chemoprophylaxis is likely to be acceptable and could mitigate syphilis epidemics among populations of gay men.","volume":"38","author":"Wilson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"R15-13-20210213","first-page":"5","article-title":"The development of Australia's National Syphilis Action Plan is based in interdisciplinary research findings.","author":"Prestage","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Interdiscipl Soc Sci"},{"key":"R17-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181ca3c0a","article-title":"Frequent testing of highly sexually active gay men is required to control syphilis.","volume":"37","author":"Gray","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"R19-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1071\/SH07080","article-title":"Homosexual men in Australia: Population, distribution and HIV prevalence.","volume":"5","author":"Prestage","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sex Health"},{"key":"R20-13-20210213","article-title":"The health in men and positive health cohorts: A comparison of trends in the health and sexual behaviour of HIV-negative and HIV-positive gay men, 2002\u20132005, National Centre in HIV Social Research Annual Report of Trends in Behaviour.","author":"Fogarty","year":"2006"},{"key":"R21-13-20210213","first-page":"2117","article-title":"Principles and Practice of Infections Disease, 4th ed.","author":"Tramont","year":"1995"},{"key":"R22-13-20210213","first-page":"84","article-title":"Transmission of syphilis between sexual partners in Gabon.","volume":"65","author":"Schrijvers","year":"1989","journal-title":"Genitourin Med"},{"key":"R23-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(16)33445-9","article-title":"The Oslo study of the natural course of untreated syphilis. An epidemiologic investigation based on a re-study of the Boeck-Bruusgaard material.","volume":"48","author":"Clark","year":"1964","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"R24-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(16)30484-9","article-title":"A general model of sexually transmitted disease epidemiology and its implications for control.","volume":"74","author":"Brunham","year":"1990","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"R25-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199704000-00002","article-title":"The natural history of syphilis. Implications for the transmission dynamics and control of infection.","volume":"24","author":"Garnett","year":"1997","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"R26-13-20210213","first-page":"675","article-title":"Bacterial Infections of Humans: Epidemiology and Control.","author":"Lossick","year":"1991"},{"key":"R27-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.2307\/4591989","article-title":"Epidemiologic treatment of contacts to infectious syphilis.","volume":"78","author":"Moore","year":"1963","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"R28-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200304000-00005","article-title":"Impact of mass treatment on syphilis transmission: A mathematical modeling approach.","volume":"30","author":"Pourbohloul","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"R29-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200212000-00014","article-title":"The epidemiological and control implications of HIV transmission probabilities within partnerships.","volume":"29","author":"Rottingen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"R30-13-20210213","first-page":"217","article-title":"How infectious is syphilis?","volume":"59","author":"Schober","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br J Vener Dis"},{"key":"R31-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1971.03190180033006","article-title":"Therapy for incubation syphilis.","volume":"218","author":"Schroeter","year":"1971","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R32-13-20210213","first-page":"467","article-title":"Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 3rd ed.","author":"Stamm","year":"1998"},{"key":"R33-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1086\/314480","article-title":"Patterns of viral dynamics during primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. The Sydney Primary HIV Infection Study Group.","volume":"178","author":"Kaufmann","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R34-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7120","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.12.7120-7123.2003","article-title":"Comparison of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral loads in Kenyan women, men, and infants during primary and early infection.","volume":"77","author":"Richardson","year":"20032003","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R35-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-128-8-199804150-00001","article-title":"Biological and virologic characteristics of primary HIV infection.","volume":"128","author":"Schacker","year":"19981998","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"R36-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780122203","article-title":"Extending public health surveillance of HIV infection: Information from a five cohort workshop. MAP Workshop (Multi-cohort Analysis Project).","volume":"12","year":"1993","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"R37-13-20210213","first-page":"2099","article-title":"MAP Workshop (Multi-cohort Analysis Project).","volume":"12","year":"1993","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"R38-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1086\/315469","article-title":"Disease progression and survival with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype E infection among female sex workers in Thailand.","volume":"181","author":"Kilmarx","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R39-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200107060-00011","article-title":"Modelling the effect of combination antiretroviral treatments on HIV incidence.","volume":"15","author":"Law","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R40-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200405010-00011","article-title":"The natural history of HIV-1 infection in young Thai men after seroconversion.","volume":"36","author":"Rangsin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"R41-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200002010-00009","article-title":"Course of viral load throughout HIV-1 infection.","volume":"23","author":"Sabin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"R42-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyi023","article-title":"HIV-1 subtype E progression among northern Thai couples: Traditional and non-traditional predictors of survival.","volume":"34","author":"Costello","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"R43-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2005.00271.x","article-title":"Changing mortality rates and causes of death for HIV-infected individuals living in Southern Alberta, Canada from 1984 to 2003.","volume":"6","author":"Krentz","year":"2005","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"R44-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200010200-00016","article-title":"Improving survival following AIDS in Australia, 1991\u20131996. National HIV Surveillance Committee.","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R45-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199501000-00008","article-title":"The role of initial AIDS-defining illness in survival following AIDS.","volume":"9","author":"Luo","year":"1995","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R46-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200003303421303","article-title":"Viral load and heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1.","volume":"342","author":"Quinn","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R47-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61115-0","article-title":"Relation between HIV viral load and infectiousness: A model-based analysis.","volume":"372","author":"Wilson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R48-13-20210213","article-title":"Mathematical models to investigate recent trends in HIV notifications among men who have sex with men in Australia.","author":"Wilson","year":"2008"},{"key":"R49-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.6.943","article-title":"HIV infections and associated costs attributable to syphilis coinfection among African Americans.","volume":"93","author":"Chesson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"R50-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(89)90098-X","article-title":"Infectiousness of HIV between male homosexual partners.","volume":"42","author":"DeGruttola","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"R51-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-198906000-00005","article-title":"Transmission of HIV to heterosexual partners of infected men and women.","volume":"3","author":"Johnson","year":"1989","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R52-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199704103361507","article-title":"Sexual transmission of HIV.","volume":"336","author":"Royce","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R53-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200201000-00007","article-title":"Reducing the risk of sexual HIV transmission: Quantifying the per-act risk for HIV on the basis of choice of partner, sex act, and condom use.","volume":"29","author":"Varghese","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"R54-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a010003","article-title":"Per-contact risk of human immunodeficiency virus transmission between male sexual partners.","volume":"150","author":"Vittinghoff","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"R55-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1086\/512816","article-title":"The effect of antiretroviral therapy on secondary transmission of HIV among men who have sex with men.","volume":"44","author":"McCormick","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R56-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2004.013094","article-title":"Seroprevalence of and risk factors for HIV-1 infection among South American men who have sex with men.","volume":"80","author":"Bautista","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"R57-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.75.1.3","article-title":"From epidemiological synergy to public health policy and practice: The contribution of other sexually transmitted diseases to sexual transmission of HIV infection.","volume":"75","author":"Fleming","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"R58-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro794","article-title":"The role of sexually transmitted diseases in HIV transmission.","volume":"2","author":"Galvin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"R59-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.298.6674.623","article-title":"Genital ulcers, other sexually transmitted diseases, and the sexual transmission of HIV.","volume":"298","author":"Piot","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"R60-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1071\/SH06043","article-title":"Rick factors for incident HIV infection in men having sex with men: A case-control study.","volume":"4","author":"Read","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sex Health"},{"key":"R61-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200110000-00005","article-title":"A systematic review of the epidemiologic interactions between classic sexually transmitted diseases and HIV: How much really is known?","volume":"28","author":"Rottingen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"R62-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198808043190504","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus infection among men with sexually transmitted diseases. Experience from a center in Africa.","volume":"319","author":"Simonsen","year":"1988","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R63-13-20210213","first-page":"179","article-title":"Epidemic syphilis among homosexually active men in Sydney.","volume":"183","author":"Jin","year":"2005","journal-title":"MJA"},{"key":"R64-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000226964.17966.75","article-title":"\u201cSerosorting\u201d in casual anal sex of HIV-negative gay men is noteworthy and is increasing in Sydney, Australia.","volume":"20","author":"Mao","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R65-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-008-9460-7","article-title":"Gay men who engage in group sex are at increased risk of HIV infection and onward transmission.","volume":"13","author":"Prestage","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"R66-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200212000-00013","article-title":"Condom effectiveness: Factors that influence risk reduction.","volume":"29","author":"Fitch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"R67-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1080\/15321810801887771","article-title":"Serological diagnosis of syphilis: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure antibodies to individual recombinant Treponema pallidum antigens.","volume":"29","author":"Martin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunoassay Immunochem"},{"key":"R68-13-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2007.007280","article-title":"Field evaluation of simple rapid tests in the diagnosis of syphilis.","volume":"19","author":"Nessa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"}],"container-title":["Sexually Transmitted Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00007435-201112000-00013","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T20:29:10Z","timestamp":1786048150000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00007435-201112000-00013"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/olq.0b013e318238b85d","relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-5717"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-5717","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]}}}