{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T14:23:24Z","timestamp":1792851804864,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,1]],"date-time":"2013-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1385856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,1]],"date-time":"2013-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1385856000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ERC\u20102011\u2010AdC 294099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERC\u20102011\u2010AdC 294099"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["OVS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Astigmatic subjects are adapted to their astigmatism and perceptually recalibrate upon its correction. However, the extent to which prior adaptation to astigmatism affects visual performance, whether this effect is axis dependent, and the time scale of potential changes in visual performance after astigmatism correction are not known. Moreover, the effect of possible positive interactions of aberrations (astigmatism and coma) might be altered after recalibration to correction of astigmatism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Visual acuity (VA) was measured in 25 subjects (astigmats and non\u2010astigmats, corrected and uncorrected) under induction of astigmatism and combinations of astigmatism and coma while controlling subject aberrations. Astigmatism (1.00 diopter) was induced at three different orientations, the natural axis, the perpendicular orientation, and 45 degrees for astigmats and at 0, 90, and 45 degrees for non\u2010astigmats. Experiments were also performed, adding coma (0.41 \u03bcm at a relative angle of 45 degrees) to the same mentioned astigmatism. Fourteen different conditions were measured using an 8\u2010Alternative Forced Choice procedure with Tumbling E letters and a QUEST algorithm. Longitudinal measurements were performed up to 6 months. Uncorrected astigmats were provided with proper astigmatic correction after the first session.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In non\u2010astigmats, inducing astigmatism at 90 degrees, produced a statistically lower reduction in VA than at 0 or 45 degrees, whereas in astigmats, the lower decrease in VA occurred for astigmatism induced at the natural axis. Six months of astigmatic correction did not reduce the insensitivity to astigmatic induction along the natural axis. Differences after orientation of astigmatism were also found when adding coma to astigmatism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The impact of astigmatism on VA is greatly dependent on the orientation of the induced astigmatism, even in non\u2010astigmats. Previous experience to astigmatism plays a significant role on VA, with a strong bias toward the natural axis. In contrast to perceived isotropy, the correction of astigmatism does not shift the bias in VA from the natural axis of astigmatism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0000000000000063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,18]],"date-time":"2013-10-18T02:56:33Z","timestamp":1382064993000},"page":"1430-1442","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Astigmatism Impact on Visual Performance"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Vinas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de \u00d3ptica Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"de Gracia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de \u00d3ptica Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Dorronsoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de \u00d3ptica Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucie","family":"Sawides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de \u00d3ptica Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gildas","family":"Marin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Essilor International, Research and Development Vision Science Department Saint\u2010Maur France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Essilor International, Research and Development Vision Science Department Saint\u2010Maur France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Marcos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de \u00d3ptica Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199302000-00005","article-title":"Optical aspects of tolerances to uncorrected ocular astigmatism","volume":"70","author":"Charman WN","year":"1993","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2010.09.022","article-title":"Effect of uncorrected astigmatism on vision","volume":"37","author":"Wolffsohn JS","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1974.sp010774","article-title":"The effect of early astigmatism on the visual resolution of gratings","volume":"243","author":"Mitchell DE","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199707000-00020","article-title":"Effect of small focal errors on vision","volume":"74","author":"Miller AD","year":"1997","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3928\/1081-597X-20020501-09","article-title":"Validation of the estimation of corneal aberrations from videokeratography in keratoconus","volume":"18","author":"Barbero S","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Refract Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2006.10.021","article-title":"Change in corneal aberrations after cataract surgery with 2 types of aspherical intraocular lenses","volume":"33","author":"Marcos S","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"106","article-title":"Spatially resolved wavefront aberrations of ophthalmic progressive\u2010power lenses in normal viewing conditions","volume":"80","author":"Villegas EA","year":"2003","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e46361","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0046361","article-title":"Perceptual adaptation to the correction of natural astigmatism","volume":"7","author":"Vinas M","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/11.2.5","article-title":"Visual acuity under combined astigmatism and coma: optical and neural adaptation effects","volume":"11","author":"Gracia P","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1167\/4.4.4","article-title":"Neural compensation for the eye's optical aberrations","volume":"4","author":"Artal P","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27031","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027031","article-title":"Vision is adapted to the natural level of blur present in the retinal image","volume":"6","author":"Sawides L","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1167\/10.12.22","article-title":"Adaptation to astigmatic blur","volume":"10","author":"Sawides L","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1975.sp010952","article-title":"Contrast sensitivity in humans with abnormal visual experience","volume":"247","author":"Freeman RD","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","first-page":"78","article-title":"Contrast sensitivity in meridional amblyopia","volume":"14","author":"Freeman RD","year":"1975","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(73)90023-0","article-title":"Meridional amblyopia: evidence for modification of the human visual system by early visual experience","volume":"13","author":"Mitchell DE","year":"1973","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(03)00014-2","article-title":"Amblyopia in astigmatic preschool children","volume":"43","author":"Dobson V","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1998.0266","article-title":"Improving vision: neural compensation for optical defocus","volume":"265","author":"Mon\u2010Williams M","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond B"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199307000-00002","article-title":"Decreased uncorrected vision after a period of distance fixation with spectacle wear","volume":"70","author":"Pesudovs K","year":"1993","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3835","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4558","article-title":"Neural compensation for long\u2010term asymmetric optical blur to improve visual performance in keratoconic eyes","volume":"51","author":"Sabesan R","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2010.05.014","article-title":"Learning to adapt: dynamics of readaptation to geometrical distortions","volume":"50","author":"Yehezkel O","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1002-923","article-title":"Perceptual learning: gain without pain?","volume":"5","author":"Fahle M","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","first-page":"96","article-title":"The negative directional aftereffect associated with adaptation to the prismatic effects of spectacle lenses","volume":"77","author":"Fogt N","year":"2000","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.3928\/1081-597X-20050301-08","article-title":"Involvement of neural adaptation in the recovery of vision after laser refractive surgery","volume":"21","author":"Pesudovs K","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Refract Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3921\/joptom.2010.60","article-title":"Visual tasks dependence of the neural compensation for the keratoconic eye's optical aberrations","volume":"3","author":"Rouger H","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Optom"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2011.01.010","article-title":"Neuronal adaptation to simulated and optically\u2010induced astigmatic defocus","volume":"51","author":"Ohlendorf A","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2012.03.032","article-title":"Effect of axis orientation on visual performance in astigmatic eyes","volume":"38","author":"Kobashi H","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2010.07.014","article-title":"Combining coma with astigmatism can improve retinal image over astigmatism alone","volume":"50","author":"Gracia P","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2005.11.047","article-title":"Revisiting the conoid of sturm","volume":"32","author":"Koch DD","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(75)90025-5","article-title":"Asymmetries in human accomodation and visual experience","volume":"15","author":"Freeman RD","year":"1975","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/8.13.1","article-title":"Influence of adaptive\u2010optics ocular aberration correction on visual acuity at different luminances and contrast polarities","volume":"8","author":"Marcos S","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4.1","DOI":"10.1167\/9.6.4","article-title":"Accommodative lag and fluctuations when optical aberrations are manipulated","volume":"9","author":"Gambra E","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1167\/10.5.19","article-title":"Visual performance with real\u2010life tasks under adaptive\u2010optics ocular aberration correction","volume":"10","author":"Sawides L","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-58552-4_43","volume-title":"Modern Techniques in Neuroscience Research","author":"Ehrenstein WH","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00357","article-title":"The psychophysics toolbox","volume":"10","author":"Brainard DH","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spat Vis"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.3928\/1081-597X-19970701-16","article-title":"Proper method for calculating average visual acuity","volume":"13","author":"Holladay JT","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Refract Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1167\/10.12.11","article-title":"Is visual resolution after adaptive optics correction susceptible to perceptual learning?","volume":"10","author":"Rossi EA","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","volume-title":"Clinical Visual Optics","author":"Bennett AG","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2009.07.009","article-title":"Blur limits for defocus, astigmatism and trefoil","volume":"49","author":"Atchison DA","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","first-page":"549","article-title":"Subjective blur limits for cylinder","volume":"87","author":"Guo H","year":"2010","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","first-page":"180","article-title":"Effect of sphero\u2010cylinder blur on visual acuity","volume":"74","author":"Schwendeman FJ","year":"1997","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3182186bc4","article-title":"Visual acuity with astigmatic blur","volume":"88","author":"Atchison DA","year":"2011","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/01.opx.0000216099.29968.36","article-title":"Visual acuity in simple myopic astigmatism: influence of cylinder axis","volume":"83","author":"Remon L","year":"2006","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-9235.2004.tb01828.x","article-title":"Blur adaptation and myopia","volume":"81","author":"George S","year":"2004","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2006.03.015","article-title":"Effect of blur adaptation on blur sensitivity in myopes","volume":"46","author":"Wang B","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1167\/7.8.14","article-title":"Visual performance in emmetropia and low myopia after correction of high\u2010order aberrations","volume":"7","author":"Rossi EA","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vis"}],"container-title":["Optometry and Vision Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000063","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000063","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000063","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T11:36:08Z","timestamp":1774956968000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000063"}},"subtitle":["Meridional and Adaptational Effects"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000063"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/opx.0000000000000063","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.718149714.793486007","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1040-5488","1538-9235"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-5488","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-9235","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]}}}