{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T16:48:13Z","timestamp":1774975693730,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]],"date-time":"2013-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1383264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]],"date-time":"2013-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1383264000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["OVS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study's aim was to report prevalence estimates and age\u2010related trends in refractive error in a clinic\u2010based series and compare them to results from studies of a similar nature conducted since 1892.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Refractive error, patient age, and sex were collected from the files of all patients seen at the University of Waterloo School of Optometry and Vision Science clinic between January 2007 and January 2008. Patients were categorized as having myopia (&lt;\u22120.5D mean ocular refraction [MOR]), hyperopia (&gt;0.5D MOR), emmetropia, astigmatism (&lt;\u22120.5D), and\/or anisometropia (&gt;1.0D difference between eyes). The prevalence of all refractive components was determined overall and in 1\u2010 and 5\u2010year age groups, and then compared to data from older clinic\u2010based studies. Refractive trends over time were noted. The prevalence of myopia and hyperopia were compared to older studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The lowest prevalence of myopia was 5% at 0 to 5 years of age, after which it increased to 72% at 20 to 30 years of age and then decreased to 22% in patients older than 70 years. A myopic peak occurred at 24 years of age. The prevalence of hyperopia followed opposite trends with a minimum prevalence of 6% at 25 to 30 years of age. Peaks in emmetropia prevalence were 55% at 5 to 10 years of age and 37% at 45 to 50 years of age. The prevalence of astigmatism and anisometropia increased with age. The Waterloo Eye Study showed a higher prevalence of myopia across all ages compared to the older studies with a peak prevalence of 72% compared to 21% in the oldest (Herrnheiser) study from 1892.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the last 100 years, there appears to have been a myopic shift in clinic\u2010based populations and myopia prevalence appears to follow a predictable pattern with age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0000000000000069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,7]],"date-time":"2013-10-07T11:35:40Z","timestamp":1381145740000},"page":"1331-1341","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Increase in Myopia Prevalence in Clinic\u2010Based Populations Across a Century"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Patricia K.","family":"Hrynchak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Mittelstaedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolyn M.","family":"Machan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Bunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth L.","family":"Irving","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.07.041210","article-title":"Global magnitude of visual impairment caused by uncorrected refractive errors in 2004","volume":"86","author":"Resnikoff S","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.124.12.1754","article-title":"The economic burden of major adult visual disorders in the United States","volume":"124","author":"Rein DB","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","unstructured":"The Cost of Vision Loss In Canada.Report by Access Economics Pty Limited for the CNIB and the Canadian Ophthalmological Society 2009. 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