{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T14:20:16Z","timestamp":1782051616135,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]],"date-time":"2013-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1383264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]],"date-time":"2013-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1383264000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DMS 1316742 (C\u2010YK)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMS 1316742 (C\u2010YK)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T35\u2010EY007151 (MKK)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T35\u2010EY007151 (MKK)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R24\u2010EY014792 (LTS)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R24\u2010EY014792 (LTS)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000097","name":"National Center for Research Resources","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000097","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["OVS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between ciliary muscle thickness (CMT), refractive error, and axial length both across subjects and between the more and less myopic eyes of adults with anisometropia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both eyes of 29 adult subjects with at least 1.00 D of anisometropia were measured. Ciliary muscle thickness was measured at the maximum thickness (CMTMAX) and at 1.0 (CMT1), 2.0 (CMT2), and 3.0 mm (CMT3) posterior to the scleral spur, and also at the apical region (Apical CMTMAX = CMTMAX \u2212 CMT2, and Apical CMT1 = CMT1 \u2212 CMT2). Multilevel regression models were used to determine the relationship between the various CMT measures and cycloplegic refractive error or axial length, and to assess whether there are CMT differences between the more and less myopic eyes of an anisometropic adult.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CMTMAX, CMT1, CMT2, and CMT3 were negatively associated with mean refractive error (all p \u2264 0.03), and the strongest association was in the posterior region (CMT2 and CMT3). Apical CMTMAX and Apical CMT1, however, were positively associated with mean refractive error (both p &lt; 0.0001) across subjects. Within a subject, i.e., comparing the two anisometropic eyes, there was no statistically significant difference in CMT in any region.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Similar to previous studies, across anisometropic subjects, a thicker posterior region of the ciliary muscle (CMT2 and CMT3) was associated with increased myopic refractive error. Conversely, shorter, more hyperopic eyes tended to have thicker anterior, apical fiber portions of their ciliary muscle (Apical CMTMAX and Apical CMT1). There was no difference between the two eyes for any CMT measurement, indicating that in anisometropia, an eye can grow longer and more myopic than its fellow eye without resulting in an increase in CMT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0000000000000070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,7]],"date-time":"2013-10-07T11:35:40Z","timestamp":1381145740000},"page":"1312-1320","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Ciliary Muscle Thickness in Anisometropia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Mallory K.","family":"Kuchem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University College of Optometry Claremont McKenna College Claremont California"},{"name":"Columbus, Ohio; Department of Ophthalmology Claremont McKenna College Claremont California"},{"name":"University of Kansas Kansas City Kansas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loraine T.","family":"Sinnott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University College of Optometry Claremont McKenna College Claremont California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiu\u2010Yen","family":"Kao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematical Sciences Claremont McKenna College Claremont California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa D.","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University College of Optometry Claremont McKenna College Claremont California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(86)90086-6","article-title":"Choroidal stress and emmetropization","volume":"26","author":"Alphen GW","year":"1986","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.047","article-title":"Ciliary body thickness increases with increasing axial myopia","volume":"140","author":"Oliveira C","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4353","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2008","article-title":"Ciliary body thickness and refractive error in children","volume":"49","author":"Bailey MD","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2008.178","article-title":"Ciliary body thickness in unilateral high axial myopia","volume":"23","author":"Muftuoglu O","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7538","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7620","article-title":"Prevalence and associations of anisometropia with spherical ametropia, cylindrical power, age, and sex in refractive surgery candidates","volume":"52","author":"Linke SJ","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2011.574333","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for anisometropia in the Tehran eye study, Iran","volume":"18","author":"Hashemi H","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(96)30753-7","article-title":"Baltimore Vision Screening Project","volume":"103","author":"Preslan MW","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","first-page":"2448","article-title":"Prevalence of anisometropia in volunteer laboratory and school screening populations","volume":"31","author":"Almeder LM","year":"1990","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","first-page":"3633","article-title":"Parental myopia, near work, school achievement, and children\u2019s refractive error","volume":"43","author":"Mutti DO","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0029(19960401)33:5<390::AID-JEMT2>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Ciliary body","volume":"33","author":"Tamm ER","year":"1996","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4710","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-11658","article-title":"Region\u2010specific relationships between refractive error and ciliary muscle thickness in children","volume":"54","author":"Pucker AD","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-6374(92)90057-K","article-title":"Age\u2010related changes of the human ciliary muscle. 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