{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T16:48:49Z","timestamp":1774975729030,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]],"date-time":"2013-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1383264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]],"date-time":"2013-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1383264000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["OVS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Myopia and astigmatism are highly prevalent in the Hong Kong Chinese. This study aimed to determine the effects of age and myopic astigmatism (MA) on the corneal shape factors in the Hong Kong Chinese.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One hundred subjects with compound MA or emmetropia (EM) were recruited from three age groups: 10 to 15 years (n = 32), 20 to 25 years (n = 37), and 40 to 45 years (n = 31). Refractive errors were measured by noncycloplegic subjective refraction. Corneal astigmatism and corneal shape factors were measured by the Scheimpflug\u2010based Pentacam. The effects of age and refractive errors on the whole corneal shape (mean\u2010P) and the semimeridian corneal shapes (semi\u2010Ps) at the nasal, temporal, superior, and inferior corneal quadrants (from corneal apex to 3 mm peripheral cornea) were analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Age had significant effects on the mean\u2010P and semi\u2010Ps (both p &lt; 0.001), with both EM and MA showing less prolate corneal shapes in older age groups. Partial correlation analyses adjusted for age showed that mean\u2010P and semi\u2010Ps were correlated with multiple refractive\u2010error components (Pearson\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22120.30 to \u22120.78, all p &lt; 0.05), with higher correlations found along the horizontal semi\u2010Ps in MA (Pearson\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = +0.37 to \u22120.78, all p &lt; 0.01). Compared with EM, MA had more prolate temporal semi\u2010Ps in all the three age groups (p &lt; 0.05). Strikingly, age and refractive errors also had significant impacts on the asymmetry of the corneal shape along the horizontal meridian.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Corneal shapes were influenced by age and MA in the Hong Kong Chinese. These results highlight the importance of controlling these factors when designing a study on corneal shape.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0000000000000073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,27]],"date-time":"2013-09-27T18:21:35Z","timestamp":1380306095000},"page":"1259-1266","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Corneal Shapes of Chinese Emmetropes and Myopic Astigmats Aged 10 to 45 Years"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Tsz\u2010wing","family":"Leung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom, Kowloon Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew Kwok\u2010cheung","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom, Kowloon Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chea\u2010su","family":"Kee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom, Kowloon Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200401000-00006","article-title":"Astigmatic axis is related to the level of spherical ametropia","volume":"81","author":"Farbrother JE","year":"2004","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(99)00237-0","article-title":"Astigmatism and the development of myopia in children","volume":"40","author":"Gwiazda J","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(97)80020-X","article-title":"Association between total astigmatism and myopia","volume":"23","author":"Kaye SB","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4356","article-title":"Parameters associated with the different astigmatism axis orientations","volume":"51","author":"Mandel Y","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31825da156","article-title":"Characteristics of astigmatism as a function of age in a Hong Kong clinical population","volume":"89","author":"Leung TW","year":"2012","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2330-9474.1964.tb02993.x","article-title":"Predictability of refraction at age 14 on the basis of testing at age 6\u2014interim report from the Ojai Longitudinal Study of Refraction","volume":"41","author":"Hirsch MJ","year":"1964","journal-title":"Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198707000-00002","article-title":"Houston Myopia Control Study: a randomized clinical trial. 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