{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T05:00:37Z","timestamp":1775624437254,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,1]],"date-time":"2013-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1385856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,1]],"date-time":"2013-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1385856000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014445","name":"Fred Hollows Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014445","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004423","name":"World Health Organization","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["OVS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the prevalence of near vision impairment caused by uncorrected presbyopia and to determine the spectacle coverage for presbyopia in Durban, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross\u2010sectional community\u2010based survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of presbyopia in Durban. Eighteen clusters were randomly selected from the suburbs of Durban\u2014Inanda, Ntuzuma, and KwaMashu. Adults over 35 years of age were enumerated through a door\u2010to\u2010door method using aged\u2010based sampling. Respondents were interviewed and then underwent standardized clinical eye examinations. Spectacle coverage was determined. Applying multivariate logistic regressions, the strengths of association of presbyopia and spectacle coverage with the participants' demographic profile were determined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 2764 participants were enumerated while 1939 (70.2%) were examined with a median age of 52 years (interquartile range 45, 60). The prevalence of presbyopia was 77.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] 74.3%\u201379.2%), significantly higher in those 50\u201364 years old (OR 10.2, 95% CI 5.3\u201319.6) and 65\u201379 years old (OR 10.7, 95% CI 3.2\u201335.6) and significantly lower in those who had secondary and higher education (p &lt; 0.05). The spectacle coverage for presbyopia was 4.84% (95% CI 3.35%\u20136.33%), significantly higher in those who were 65\u201379 years old (OR 4.4, 95% CI 1.5\u201312.9) and 50\u201364 years old (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.1\u20136.1).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study indicated that there is a high prevalence of presbyopia in the study area, with low spectacle coverage, and therefore suggests that uncorrected presbyopia is a major public health concern. The findings of this study may help in making recommendations for strategic planning for eye health intervention efforts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0000000000000096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,25]],"date-time":"2013-10-25T08:26:57Z","timestamp":1382689617000},"page":"1424-1429","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Prevalence of Presbyopia and Spectacle Coverage in an African Population in Durban, South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Kovin Shunmugan","family":"Naidoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Division Brien Holden Vision Institute Durban South Africa"},{"name":"African Vision Research Institute University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal Durban, KwaZulu\u2010Natal South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jyotikumarie","family":"Jaggernath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"African Vision Research Institute University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal Durban, KwaZulu\u2010Natal South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carrin","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"African Vision Research Institute University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal Durban, KwaZulu\u2010Natal South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pirindhavellie","family":"Govender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Division Brien Holden Vision Institute Durban South Africa"},{"name":"African Vision Research Institute University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal Durban, KwaZulu\u2010Natal South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farai Showman","family":"Chinanayi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Division Brien Holden Vision Institute Durban South Africa"},{"name":"African Vision Research Institute University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal Durban, KwaZulu\u2010Natal South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ving Fai","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Division Brien Holden Vision Institute Durban South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prasidh","family":"Ramson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Division Brien Holden Vision Institute Durban South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"40","article-title":"Presbyopia: prevalence, impact, and interventions","volume":"20","author":"Patel I","year":"2007","journal-title":"Community Eye Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"77","volume-title":"Borish's Clinical Refraction","author":"Ciuffreda K","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.126.12.1731","article-title":"Global vision impairment due to uncorrected presbyopia","volume":"126","author":"Holden BA","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2004.047498","article-title":"Impact of unilateral and bilateral vision loss on quality of life","volume":"89","author":"Vu HT","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.01.030","article-title":"Population\u2010based study of presbyopia in rural Tanzania","volume":"113","author":"Burke AG","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-3154","article-title":"Presbyopic spectacle coverage, willingness to pay for near correction, and the impact of correcting uncorrected presbyopia in adults in Zanzibar, East Africa","volume":"51","author":"Laviers HR","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2008.01711.x","article-title":"Functional presbyopia in a rural Kenyan population: the unmet presbyopic need","volume":"36","author":"Sherwin JC","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Experiment Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"149","article-title":"[Study of presbyopia in Zaire]","volume":"225","author":"Kaimbo K","year":"1987","journal-title":"Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006338013075","article-title":"Ocular problems of young adults in rural Nigeria","volume":"22","author":"Nwosu SN","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1076\/opep.6.1.41.1572","article-title":"Causes and prevalence of non\u2010vision impairing ocular conditions among a rural adult population in sw Uganda","volume":"6","author":"Kamali A","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.01.028","article-title":"Impact of presbyopia on quality of life in a rural African setting","volume":"113","author":"Patel I","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.122.4.495","article-title":"The prevalence of refractive errors among adults in the United States, Western Europe, and Australia. The Eye Disease Prevalence Research Group","volume":"122","author":"Kempen JH","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"2810","article-title":"Refractive errors in an urban population in Southern India: the Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study","volume":"40","author":"Dandona R","year":"1999","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)70128-X","article-title":"Visual impairment in Australia: distance visual acuity, near vision, and visual field findings of the Melbourne Visual Impairment Project","volume":"123","author":"Taylor HR","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.09.010","article-title":"A nationwide population\u2010based survey on visual acuity, near vision, and self\u2010reported visual function in the adult population in Finland","volume":"112","author":"Laitinen A","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(03)00086-9","article-title":"Epidemiology of refractive errors and presbyopia","volume":"48","author":"Weale RA","year":"2003","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1989.tb00831.x","article-title":"Presbyopia correction and the accommodation in reserve","volume":"9","author":"Millodot M","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","first-page":"597","article-title":"[Variables related to the first presbyopia correction]","volume":"77","author":"Garcia Serrano JL","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.1995.9500104l.x","article-title":"Correlation between presbyopia, age and number of births of mothers in the Kumasi area of Ghana","volume":"15","author":"Morny FK","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","first-page":"551","article-title":"[Prevalence of near vision deficiency and related factors: a population\u2010based study]","volume":"19","author":"Duarte WR","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cad Saude Publica"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2324","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-1192","article-title":"A population\u2010based assessment of presbyopia in the state of Andhra Pradesh, south India: the Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study","volume":"47","author":"Nirmalan PK","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2006.110502","article-title":"Correction of refractive error and presbyopia in Timor\u2010Leste","volume":"91","author":"Ramke J","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Optometry and Vision Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000096","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000096","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000096","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T11:37:12Z","timestamp":1774957032000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000096"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000096"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/opx.0000000000000096","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-5488","1538-9235"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-5488","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-9235","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]}}}