{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T21:47:59Z","timestamp":1774993679344,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,1]],"date-time":"2007-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1172707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,1]],"date-time":"2007-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1172707200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000769","name":"University of Oxford","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["OVS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Many behavioral studies have found impaired perception of dynamic visual stimuli in dyslexia and several neuroimaging studies have found reduced activation of the human motion area MT+ in dyslexia. These results are often interpreted as a magnocellular (MC) deficit in dyslexia. It has also been claimed that colored filters can help dyslexics to read. One defining feature of the MC\u2010pathway is a greater weight for L\u2010cone input than M\u2010cone input, and at most very weak S\u2010cone input. We measured the subjective speed matches between L\u2010, M\u2010, and S\u2010cone isolating stimuli in good and poor readers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Subjects performed a speed\u2010matching task with drifting cone\u2010isolating stimuli to find the point of subjective equality between two drifting patterns. Such a task is known to activate cortical area MT+, presumably via the MC\u2010pathway.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>L\u2010 to M\u2010cone speed\u2010match ratios were negatively correlated with single\u2010word (r = \u22120.46) and irregular\u2010word reading (r = \u22120.56) but not with non\u2010word reading.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results suggest that relative L\u2010cone sensitivity within the MC\u2010pathway may limit orthographic reading performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0b013e31803399df","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,13]],"date-time":"2007-03-13T02:52:57Z","timestamp":1173754377000},"page":"229-236","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["L\/M Speed\u2010Matching Ratio Predicts Reading in Children"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Chris","family":"Chase","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Claremont McKenna College Claremont California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert F.","family":"Dougherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Stanford University Palo Alto California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics Oxford University Oxford United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Fowler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics Oxford University Oxford United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics Oxford University Oxford United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7943","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.18.7943","article-title":"Physiological and anatomical evidence for a magnocellular defect in developmental dyslexia","volume":"88","author":"Livingstone MS","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(199908)46:2<189::AID-ANA8>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Neuronal asymmetries in primary visual cortex of dyslexic and nondyslexic brains","volume":"46","author":"Jenner AR","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(95)98728-R","article-title":"Contrast sensitivity and coherent motion detection measured at photopic luminance levels in dyslexics and controls","volume":"35","author":"Cornelissen P","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6939","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-17-06939.1998","article-title":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging of early visual pathways in dyslexia","volume":"18","author":"Demb JB","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/382066a0","article-title":"Abnormal processing of visual motion in dyslexia revealed by functional brain imaging","volume":"382","author":"Eden GF","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(98)00151-5","article-title":"Spatio\u2010temporal contrast sensitivity, coherent motion, and visible persistence in developmental dyslexia","volume":"39","author":"Slaghuis WL","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(00)00020-8","article-title":"Visual motion sensitivity in dyslexia: evidence for temporal and energy integration deficits","volume":"38","author":"Talcott JB","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.224","article-title":"On the relationship between dynamic visual and auditory processing and literacy skills; results from a large primary\u2010school study","volume":"8","author":"Talcott JB","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(98)00075-3","article-title":"Psychophysical evidence for a magnocellular pathway deficit in dyslexia","volume":"38","author":"Demb JB","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(03)00085-3","article-title":"Can the magnocellular pathway read? Evidence from studies of color","volume":"43","author":"Chase C","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/00049539908255333","article-title":"New norms for comparing children's lexical and nonlexical reading: a further look at subtyping dyslexia","volume":"51","author":"Edwards VT","year":"1999","journal-title":"Aust J Psychol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1076\/jcen.20.6.791.1113","article-title":"Colored overlays for visual perceptual deficits in children with reading disability and attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: are they differentially effective","volume":"20","author":"Iovino I","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"98","article-title":"Influence of varying luminance and wavelength on comprehension and reading efficiency: a brief review of three studies","volume":"29","author":"Solan HA","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Optom Vision Dev"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","first-page":"320","article-title":"Colour\u2010mediated grouping effects in good and disabled readers","volume":"11","author":"Solman RT","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","first-page":"411","article-title":"Effective interventions for reading disability","volume":"63","author":"Williams MC","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Am Optom Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1325.027","article-title":"Yellow filters can improve magnocellular function: motion sensitivity, convergence, accommodation, and reading","volume":"1039","author":"Ray NJ","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2005.00279.x","article-title":"How precise do precision tints have to be and how many are necessary","volume":"25","author":"Wilkins A","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1068\/p5332","article-title":"Attentional gating in primary visual cortex: a physiological basis for dyslexia","volume":"34","author":"Vidyasagar TR","year":"2005","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00874-7","article-title":"S cone contributions to the magnocellular visual pathway in macaque monkey","volume":"35","author":"Chatterjee S","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1167\/2.8.1","article-title":"Estimates of L:M cone ratio from ERG flicker photometry and genetics","volume":"2","author":"Carroll J","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.17.000517","article-title":"L\/M cone ratios in human trichromats assessed by psychophysics, electroretinography, and retinal densitometry","volume":"17","author":"Kremers J","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00818-8","article-title":"Color perception is mediated by a plastic neural mechanism that is adjustable in adults","volume":"35","author":"Neitz J","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1038\/17383","article-title":"The arrangement of the three cone classes in the living human eye","volume":"397","author":"Roorda A","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.17.000607","article-title":"Functional consequences of the relative numbers of L and M cones","volume":"17","author":"Brainard DH","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)81036-3","article-title":"Perceived speed of colored stimuli","volume":"24","author":"Dougherty RF","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)81037-5","article-title":"Color signals in human motion\u2010selective cortex","volume":"24","author":"Wandell BA","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)81038-7","article-title":"Color signals in area MT of the macaque monkey","volume":"24","author":"Seidemann E","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","volume-title":"British Ability Scales","author":"Elliott C","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(93)90003-E","article-title":"Varieties of developmental dyslexia","volume":"47","author":"Castles A","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.08-06-02201.1988","article-title":"A selective impairment of motion perception following lesions of the middle temporal visual area (MT)","volume":"8","author":"Newsome WT","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03214307","article-title":"Simple adaptive testing with the weighted up\u2010down method","volume":"49","author":"Kaernbach C","year":"1991","journal-title":"Percept Psychophys"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","first-page":"1527","article-title":"Are dyslexics\u2019 visual deficits limited to measures of dorsal stream function","volume":"12","author":"Hansen PC","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","first-page":"172","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Imaging Science and Technology","author":"Brainard DH","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","volume-title":"Foundations of Vision","author":"Wandell BA","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00357","article-title":"The psychophysics toolbox","volume":"10","author":"Brainard DH","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spat Vis"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00366","article-title":"The VideoToolbox software for visual psychophysics: transforming numbers into movies","volume":"10","author":"Pelli DG","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spat Vis"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.10.002491","article-title":"Spectral sensitivities of the human cones","volume":"10","author":"Stockman A","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.20.000769","article-title":"Colorimetry for CRT displays","volume":"20","author":"Golz J","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(92)90209-2","article-title":"Human speed perception is contrast dependent","volume":"32","author":"Stone LS","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.1.000893","article-title":"Perceived velocity of moving chromatic gratings","volume":"1","author":"Cavanagh P","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(03)00044-7","article-title":"Selective magnocellular deficits in dyslexia: a \u201cphantom contour\u201d study","volume":"41","author":"Sperling AJ","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2952","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.040546597","article-title":"Dynamic sensory sensitivity and children's word decoding skills","volume":"97","author":"Talcott JB","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(98)70320-3","article-title":"Sensitivity to dynamic auditory and visual stimuli predicts nonword reading ability in both dyslexic and normal readers","volume":"8","author":"Witton C","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","first-page":"163","volume-title":"Visual Processes in Reading and Reading Disabilities","author":"Corcos E","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","first-page":"127","volume-title":"Developmental Dyslexia: Neural, Cognitive, and Genetic Mechanisms","author":"Chase CH","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1996.8.3.197","article-title":"Global precedence, spatial frequency channels, and the statistics of natural images","volume":"8","author":"Hughes HC","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Cognit Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1162\/089892904323057272","article-title":"Two visual motion processing deficits in developmental dyslexia associated with different reading skills deficits","volume":"16","author":"Wilmer JB","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2006.06.028","article-title":"Attentional shifting and the role of the dorsal pathway in visual word recognition","volume":"44","author":"Pammer K","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(98)00016-9","article-title":"Coherent motion detection and letter position encoding","volume":"38","author":"Cornelissen PL","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00177.x","article-title":"Colour adaptation modifies the temporal properties of the long\u2010 and middle\u2010wave cone signals in the human luminance mechanism","volume":"526","author":"Stromeyer CF","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1997.sp021923","article-title":"Colour adaptation modifies the long\u2010wave versus middle\u2010wave cone weights and temporal phases in human luminance (but not red\u2010green) mechanism","volume":"499","author":"Stromeyer CF","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1167\/5.7.1","article-title":"Cone signal interactions in direction\u2010selective neurons in the middle temporal visual area (MT)","volume":"5","author":"Barberini CL","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)00316-5","article-title":"Accommodation responds to changing contrast of long, middle and short spectral\u2010waveband components of the retinal image","volume":"35","author":"Kruger PB","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.1999.00440.x","article-title":"Accommodation to static chromatic simulations of blurred retinal images","volume":"19","author":"Lee JH","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(02)00074-3","article-title":"Accommodation to simulations of defocus and chromatic aberration in the presence of chromatic misalignment","volume":"42","author":"Stark LR","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2004.07.005","article-title":"Accommodation responses to stimuli in cone contrast space","volume":"44","author":"Rucker FJ","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2006.04.009","article-title":"Cone contributions to signals for accommodation and the relationship to refractive error","volume":"46","author":"Rucker FJ","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vision Res"}],"container-title":["Optometry and Vision Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31803399df","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31803399df","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31803399df","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T10:10:55Z","timestamp":1774951855000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31803399df"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,3]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31803399df"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/opx.0b013e31803399df","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-5488","1538-9235"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-5488","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-9235","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,3]]}}}