{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T11:04:26Z","timestamp":1774955066874,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,1]],"date-time":"2007-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1175385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,1]],"date-time":"2007-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1175385600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["OVS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate ocular symptoms related to dryness in an adult population of contact lens (CL) and non contact lens wearers (n\u2010CL) using video display terminals (VDT) for different periods of time under different indoor conditions related to air conditioning (AC) and heating units (HU) exposure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A questionnaire was distributed to 334 people within a university population of which 258 were part of the n\u2010CL group and 76 of the CL wearers to assess symptoms of ocular discomfort potentially related to dryness. Only soft contact lens (SCL) wearers (n = 71) were included for further statistical analysis because of the reduced number of people wearing other lens types. A 2:1 match by gender group of 142 subjects in the n\u2010CL group was used as a control sample.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There was a marked difference between the prevalence of symptoms and the way they are reported by CL and n\u2010CL wearers. Red eye, itching, and scratchiness are more common among CL wearers, but the difference is statistically significant only for scratchiness (p &lt; 0.01, \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ). The vast majority of subjects who reported symptoms often and at the end of the day are significantly more prevalent among CL wearers (p &lt; 0.01, \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ). Gender differences were also encountered. Female CL wearers reported more scratchiness than males in the n\u2010CL wearing group (p = 0.029, \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) and in the CL group (p &lt; 0.008, \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ). Females wearing CL reported symptoms of red eye (p = 0.043, \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) and scratchiness (p &lt; 0.001, \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) more significantly than those in the n\u2010CL group. Within the CL group, the prevalence of symptoms occurring sometimes or often and at the end of the day was higher among females (p &lt; 0.001, \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ). The use of VDT was associated with a higher level of scratchiness among CL wearers (p &lt; 0.05, \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ). The number of hours working with VDTs seemed to be associated with an increase in the prevalence of burning sensation in the CL group (p &lt; 0.01, \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), whereas symptoms like red eye and scratchiness also increased significantly among n\u2010CL wearers. Compared to n\u2010CL wearers, all symptoms increase in CL wearers in environments with AC and HU, except excessive tearing. However, these differences are only statistically significant for scratchiness.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results show that people who wear soft CL and work with VDTs for longer periods of time are more likely to develop symptoms like eye burning and scratchiness than n\u2010CL wearers. This risk could be higher for women than men. Scratchiness and the appearance of symptoms near the end of the day are typically associated with ocular discomfort during CL wear in this sample, and clinicians should question their patients about these symptoms to anticipate serious discomfort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0b013e318041f77c","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,10]],"date-time":"2007-04-10T04:02:41Z","timestamp":1176177761000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Symptoms in a Population of Contact Lens and Noncontact Lens Wearers Under Different Environmental Conditions"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez\u2010M\u00e9ijome","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics (Optometry) School of Sciences, University of Minho Braga Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology) School of Optics and Optometry, University of Santiago de Compostela Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuel A.","family":"Parafita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology) School of Optics and Optometry, University of Santiago de Compostela Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Yebra\u2010Pimentel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics (Optometry) School of Optics and Optometry, University of Santiago de Compostela Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 B.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics (Optometry) School of Sciences, University of Minho Braga Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(03)00218-6","article-title":"Prevalence of dry eye syndrome among US women","volume":"136","author":"Schaumberg DA","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200108000-00011","article-title":"Characterization of ocular surface symptoms from optometric practices in North America","volume":"20","author":"Begley CG","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.04.034","article-title":"Changing trends in the definition and diagnosis of dry eyes","volume":"140","author":"Dogru M","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S96","DOI":"10.1097\/00140068-200301001-00027","article-title":"What is dry eye and what does it mean to the contact lens wearer","volume":"29","author":"Foulks GN","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2001.tb04930.x","article-title":"Dry eye: an update on clinical diagnosis, management and promising new treatments","volume":"84","author":"Albietz JM","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-199907000-00003","article-title":"Results of a population\u2010based questionnaire on the symptoms and lifestyles associated with dry eye","volume":"18","author":"Shimmura S","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.2002.00066.x","article-title":"A multi\u2010centre study of lapsed contact lens wearers","volume":"22","author":"Young G","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(98)96016-X","article-title":"The epidemiology of dry eye in Melbourne, Australia","volume":"105","author":"McCarty CA","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0915","article-title":"The relative burden of dry eye in patients\u2019 lives: comparisons to a U.S. normative sample","volume":"46","author":"Mertzanis P","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-1294","article-title":"Self\u2010reported dry eye disease across refractive modalities","volume":"46","author":"Nichols JJ","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1986.tb06904.x","article-title":"Contact lens wear in dry environments","volume":"64","author":"Nilsson SE","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-1185","article-title":"Effect of environmental conditions on tear dynamics in soft contact lens wearers","volume":"45","author":"Maruyama K","year":"2004","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.10.006","article-title":"The incidence and risk factors for developing dry eye after myopic LASIK","volume":"141","author":"De Paiva CS","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1097\/01.opx.0000178060.45925.5d","article-title":"Dry eye symptomatology of soft contact lens wearers and nonwearers","volume":"82","author":"Guillon M","year":"2005","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-8967(01)00040-2","article-title":"Discontinuation of contact lens wear: a survey","volume":"26","author":"Pritchard N","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int Contact Lens Clin"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198912000-00006","article-title":"Symptomatology of HEMA contact lens wear","volume":"66","author":"Brennan NA","year":"1989","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4753","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0270","article-title":"The relationship between habitual patient\u2010reported symptoms and clinical signs among patients with dry eye of varying severity","volume":"44","author":"Begley CG","year":"2003","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","first-page":"83","article-title":"Why one million contact lens wearers dropped out","volume":"27","author":"Young G","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","first-page":"132","article-title":"Factors that influence patient choice of contact lens or photorefractive keratectomy","volume":"15","author":"Naroo SA","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Refract Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S101","DOI":"10.1097\/00140068-200301001-00028","article-title":"Dryness and discomfort with silicone hydrogel contact lenses","volume":"29","author":"Fonn D","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","first-page":"38","volume-title":"Considerations in Contact Lens Use Under Adverse Conditions. Proceedings of a Symposium","author":"Refojo MF","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","first-page":"189","volume-title":"Fisiopatologia Del Film Lacrimale","author":"Refojo MF","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"[Environmental conditions and tolerance of contact lenses.]","volume":"11","author":"Refojo MF","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev Esp Contact"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0094","article-title":"Thinning rate of the precorneal and prelens tear films","volume":"46","author":"Nichols JJ","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000154410.99691.3c","article-title":"The agreement between self\u2010assessment and clinician assessment of dry eye severity","volume":"24","author":"Chalmers RL","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1097\/01.icl.0000235271.64089.85","article-title":"Trends in contact lens fitting profile in Portugal 2005: strategies for first fit and re\u2010fitted patients","volume":"33","author":"Gonzalez\u2010Meijome JM","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"}],"container-title":["Optometry and Vision Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318041f77c","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318041f77c","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318041f77c","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T10:13:23Z","timestamp":1774952003000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318041f77c"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318041f77c"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/opx.0b013e318041f77c","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-5488","1538-9235"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-5488","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-9235","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]}}}