{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T11:04:41Z","timestamp":1774955081251,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,1]],"date-time":"2007-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1175385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,1]],"date-time":"2007-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1175385600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["OVS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Contact lens\u2010associated solution toxicity manifests as generalized, mild punctate epithelial fluorescein staining and usually is widely reported as asymptomatic, with no substantial clinical sequelae. This study examined the relationship between solution toxicity and corneal infiltrative events (CIEs) in soft contact lens daily wear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Several nonrandomized interventional clinical trials conducted between May and November 2005 were analyzed retrospectively. Subjects wore commercially available soft contact lenses bilaterally, on a daily schedule, disinfected overnight using marketed lens care solutions for 3 months with monthly disposal. Solution toxicity was defined as diffuse punctate staining in at least four of five areas of the cornea after instillation of sodium fluorescein. First events of corneal staining or corneal infiltrates were used to calculate incidence (per 100 eye months).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Toxic staining was detected in 77 of 609 subjects and all CIEs were mild and symptomatic or asymptomatic. The incidence of CIEs in eyes with a predisposition to toxic staining was 6.7% and in unaffected eyes was 2.3%. CIEs were 3\u2010times more likely to occur in eyes that exhibited solution toxicity compared to unaffected eyes (odds ratio = 3.08, p = 0.008, 95% CI 1.40 to 6.76). Previous events of limbal redness (\u2265grade 2.0) were not associated with CIEs (odds ratio = 1.53, p = 0.364, 95% CI 0.63 to 3.70). The rate of CIEs increased as the rate of toxic staining increased for specific lens type\u2010solution combinations (Spearman's rho = 0.558, p = 0.025, n = 16), and peroxide\u2010based solutions consistently resulted in the lowest rates of toxic staining and corneal inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eyes that experience solution toxicity are more likely to experience a CIE. Daily wear soft lens wearers should be routinely examined with sodium fluorescein soon after lenses are inserted and alternative solution\/lens type combinations should be investigated if toxic staining is detected.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0b013e318046551b","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,10]],"date-time":"2007-04-10T04:02:41Z","timestamp":1176177761000},"page":"309-315","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Solution Toxicity in Soft Contact Lens Daily Wear Is Associated With Corneal Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Nicole","family":"Carnt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vision Cooperative Research Centre Sydney Australia"},{"name":"Institute for Eye Research The University of New South Wales Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Jalbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vision Cooperative Research Centre Sydney Australia"},{"name":"Institute for Eye Research The University of New South Wales Sydney Australia"},{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science The University of New South Wales Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Serina","family":"Stretton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vision Cooperative Research Centre Sydney Australia"},{"name":"Institute for Eye Research The University of New South Wales Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Naduvilath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vision Cooperative Research Centre Sydney Australia"},{"name":"Institute for Eye Research The University of New South Wales Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Papas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vision Cooperative Research Centre Sydney Australia"},{"name":"Institute for Eye Research The University of New South Wales Sydney Australia"},{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science The University of New South Wales Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-8967(94)90034-5","article-title":"Effect of lens care systems on corneal fluorescein staining and subjective comfort in hydrogel lens wearers","volume":"21","author":"Begley C","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int Cont Lens Clin"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.clae.4300111","article-title":"Soft contact lens care systems and corneal staining in Hong Kong\u2010Chinese","volume":"21","author":"Cho P","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior 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Lens"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ICL.0000152489.99455.DB","article-title":"Corneal staining and subjective symptoms with multipurpose solutions as a function of time","volume":"31","author":"Garofalo RJ","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200212000-00007","article-title":"Asymptomatic corneal staining associated with the use of balafilcon silicone\u2010hydrogel contact lenses disinfected with a polyaminopropyl biguanide\u2010preserved care regimen","volume":"79","author":"Jones L","year":"2002","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"Clinical performance of \u2018no rub\u2019 multi\u2010purpose solutions","volume":"27","author":"Stiegemeier MJ","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior 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2005","volume":"21","author":"Morgan P","year":"2006","journal-title":"Contact Lens Spectrum"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1097\/00140068-200301000-00008","article-title":"Effects of contact lens care solutions on surface exfoliation and bacterial binding to corneal epithelial cells","volume":"29","author":"Li SL","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","article-title":"Effects of lens\u2010care solutions on corneal epithelial barrier function","volume":"82","author":"Tan T","year":"2005","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199303000-00011","article-title":"CCLRU standards for success of daily and extended wear contact lenses","volume":"70","author":"Terry RL","year":"1993","journal-title":"Optom Vis 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HoldenBA.Microbial and lens factors associated with corneal infiltrative events in extended soft contact lens wearers. Presented at XVI International Congress of Eye Research Sydney Australia August 29 2004."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","article-title":"Predictive factors for corneal infiltrates with lotrafilcon a silicone hydrogel lenses worn for up to 30\u2010nights continuous wear","volume":"47","author":"Szczotka\u2010Flynn LB","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","article-title":"Compatibility of silicone hydrogel lenses with multi\u2010purpose solutions","volume":"47","author":"Andrasko GJ","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","first-page":"114","article-title":"Adsorption of lens care products can affect the comfort of silicone hydrogel lenses","volume":"89","author":"Phillips B","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","article-title":"Comparison of preservative uptake and release profiles of PHMB from soft contact lens care products by silicone hydrogel contact lenses","volume":"45","author":"Sentell KB","year":"2004","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.3109\/02713689109013856","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of the corneal epithelial barrier: effect of artificial tears and preservatives","volume":"10","author":"Lopez Bernal D","year":"1991","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1076\/ceyr.19.2.171.5326","article-title":"The application of in vivo confocal microscopy and tear LDH measurement in assessing corneal response to contact lens and contact lens solutions","volume":"19","author":"Chang JH","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","first-page":"52","article-title":"The effects of soft contact lens disinfection solutions on rabbit corneal epithelium","volume":"20","author":"Begley CG","year":"1994","journal-title":"CLAO J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","article-title":"Punctate fluorescein corneal staining observed using polyhexamethylene biguanide\u2010containing disinfecting solution not correlated with corneal surface damage","volume":"46","author":"Barrett RP","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"}],"container-title":["Optometry and Vision Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318046551b","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318046551b","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318046551b","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T10:13:50Z","timestamp":1774952030000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318046551b"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318046551b"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/opx.0b013e318046551b","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-5488","1538-9235"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-5488","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-9235","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]}}}