{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T11:06:07Z","timestamp":1774955167292,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,1]],"date-time":"2007-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1180656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,1]],"date-time":"2007-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1180656000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["OVS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The relationship between hyperventilation and the associated increase in flicker sensitivity is poorly defined but may be relevant to display viewing. This exploratory study investigates the potential for quantifying the relationship between the severity of hypocapnia and critical flicker frequency (CFF).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Repeated ascending (fusion) and descending (flicker) measurements were made while breathing normally (normocapnia), and at four levels of progressive, mild to moderate hypocapnia that were induced by voluntary hyperventilation and controlled using continuous respiratory mass spectrometry. The mesopic stimulus was a 2.6\u00b0\u2010Gaussian blob viewed through a 5.2\u2010mm\u2010diameter artificial pupil.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Five discrete respiratory conditions were generated. The influences of intersubject variability and severity of hypocapnia upon mean CFF were examined using two\u2010way analysis of variance, demonstrating a statistically significant effect of target end\u2010tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide [F(4,40) = 4.63, p = 0.005]. The relationship between decreasing mean end\u2010tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide and increasing mean CFF was consistent with a linear correlation (Pearson R = \u22120.949, p = 0.013).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results support a close relationship between the respiratory partial pressure of carbon dioxide and flicker sensitivity. However, the absolute magnitude of the underlying increase in flicker sensitivity with hypocapnia is small and the effect is unlikely to be relevant in aviation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0b013e318073c65b","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,11]],"date-time":"2007-06-11T04:03:26Z","timestamp":1181534606000},"page":"529-534","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Quantitative Correlation of Hyperventilation with Flicker Sensitivity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Desmond","family":"Connolly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"QinetiQ, Human Protection and Performance Enhancement Group Cody Technology Park Farnborough United Kingdom"},{"name":"School of Life and Health Sciences Aston University Birmingham United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Hosking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Health Sciences Aston University Birmingham United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"100","article-title":"The hyperventilation syndrome and its importance in aviation","volume":"14","author":"Hinshaw HC","year":"1943","journal-title":"J Aviat Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"725","article-title":"Hyperventilation in aircrew: a review","volume":"50","author":"Gibson TM","year":"1979","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"412","article-title":"Hyperventilation in flight","volume":"55","author":"Gibson TM","year":"1984","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1935.tb00408.x","article-title":"Influence of hyperventilation on the fusion frequency of intermittent visual stimuli","volume":"72","author":"Rubinstein B","year":"1935","journal-title":"Skand Arch Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1952.32.3.349","article-title":"Flicker fusion frequency; background and applications","volume":"32","author":"Simonson E","year":"1952","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-195206000-00004","article-title":"Visual functions as indices of physiological changes in the acid\u2010base balance of the blood","volume":"29","author":"Alpern M","year":"1952","journal-title":"Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1955.tb03334.x","article-title":"The effect of hyperventilation on flicker fusion frequencies with foveal images of different sizes","volume":"33","author":"Jorgensen V","year":"1955","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(61)90009-8","article-title":"Effect of hyperventilation on foveal critical flicker frequency","volume":"1","author":"Granger GW","year":"1961","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(65)90054-4","article-title":"The modification of critical flicker fusion frequency by an adapting stimulus of flickering light","volume":"5","author":"Turner P","year":"1965","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1080\/00221309.1967.9710390","article-title":"Hyperventilation effects on the critical flicker frequency of smokers and nonsmokers","volume":"76","author":"Baer DJ","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Gen Psychol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2005.10.027","article-title":"Aviation\u2010related respiratory gas disturbances affect dark adaptation: a reappraisal","volume":"46","author":"Connolly DM","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","volume-title":"Nunn's Applied Respiratory Physiology","author":"Lumb AB","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","volume-title":"Color Science: Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formulae","author":"Wyszecki G","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","unstructured":"BoffKR LincolnJE.Engineering Data Compendium: Human Perception and Performance. 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