{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T16:17:07Z","timestamp":1774973827594,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,1]],"date-time":"2007-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1188604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,1]],"date-time":"2007-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1188604800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["OVS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We studied a behavioral technique in which strabismics can reduce the detectability of their eye turn by appropriately redirecting their gaze. We tested the efficacy of this technique for various amounts of strabismus and different positions of gaze.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We took digital images of a model gazing in different lateral directions and digitally edited them to simulate fixation with one eye on different lateral locations whereas the other eye was misaligned from the first by \u00b10, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30 \u0394. Then we asked 22 lay observers to examine each of the images and to report whether or not they perceived eye contact and normal gaze.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The observers reported that our model appeared to look normal and gave them eye contact two\u2010thirds of the time for up to 18 \u0394 of exotropia and 12 of esotropia when she looked half her prismatic deviation to the side opposite her eye turn.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>By appropriately directing their gaze, both exotropes and esotropes can improve the cosmetic appearance of their strabismus and increase the perception that they are looking at the observer. This may be useful during job interviews and other social encounters where eye contact and a good impression are critical. A drawback is that large amounts of strabismus may require the gazer to look far to the side of the observer's head where it may be difficult to maintain gaze and the observer's facial expression may be hard to read. However, all patients may be counseled on which eye to look at when engaging in conversation, as looking at the appropriate rather than the inappropriate eye can reduce the perceived amount of their strabismus. Also, when their portrait is being taken, the full amount of eccentric gaze could easily be used.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0b013e3181559d82","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,4]],"date-time":"2009-03-04T17:17:23Z","timestamp":1236187043000},"page":"865-871","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Redirecting Gaze to Improve the Cosmetic Appearance of Strabismus"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Stuteville","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oklahoma College of Optometry Northeastern State University Tahlequah Oklahoma"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeremy D.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oklahoma College of Optometry Northeastern State University Tahlequah Oklahoma"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roger W.","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oklahoma College of Optometry Northeastern State University Tahlequah Oklahoma"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"Alaska","author":"Michener JA","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-20020701-07","article-title":"Study of the psychosocial aspects of strabismus","volume":"39","author":"Menon V","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1067\/mpa.2001.119243","article-title":"Age of the emergence of negative attitudes toward strabismus","volume":"5","author":"Paysse EA","year":"2001","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2005.01.008","article-title":"Psychosocial aspects of mothers of children with strabismus","volume":"9","author":"Akay AP","year":"2005","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2005.04.009","article-title":"The management of strabismus in adults. 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The effects on disability","volume":"9","author":"Beauchamp GR","year":"2005","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2004.12.006","article-title":"Social and emotional impact of strabismus surgery on quality of life in children","volume":"9","author":"Archer SM","year":"2005","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)00035-4","article-title":"Impact of large angle horizontal strabismus on ability to obtain employment","volume":"107","author":"Coats DK","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S1091-8531(99)70004-2","article-title":"The negative psychosocial impact of strabismus in adults","volume":"3","author":"Olitsky SE","year":"1999","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","volume-title":"Binocular Anomalies: Diagnosis and Vision Therapy","author":"Griffin JR","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","volume-title":"Visual Optics, 5th ed","author":"Emsley HH","year":"1953"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","volume-title":"Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility: Theory and Management of Strabismus","author":"Noorden GK","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1973.01000040020005","article-title":"Kappa angle measures of strabismic and nonstrabismic individuals","volume":"89","author":"Scott WE","year":"1973","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198809000-00009","article-title":"The Hirschberg test: a double\u2010masked clinical evaluation","volume":"65","author":"Eskridge JB","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Optom Physiol Opt"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","first-page":"453","volume-title":"Adler's Physiology of the Eye","author":"Westheimer G","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2003.09.011","article-title":"The threshold for the detection of strabismus","volume":"7","author":"Larson SA","year":"2003","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","first-page":"189","article-title":"Accuracy of judgements of the presence or absence of eccentric (non\u2010primary) gaze and the presence or absence of strabismus","volume":"6","author":"Reinecke RD","year":"1991","journal-title":"Binoc Vis Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-9235.2004.tb01823.x","article-title":"Minimal angle horizontal strabismus detectable by lay observers","volume":"81","author":"Weissberg E","year":"2004","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(86)90057-X","article-title":"Sighting dominance and egocentric localization","volume":"26","author":"Porac C","year":"1986","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.2307\/1421462","article-title":"The effects of visible eye and head turn on the perception of being looked at","volume":"89","author":"Noll AM","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am J Psychol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.3200\/GENP.134.3.313-328","article-title":"Gaze as depicted in Vermeer's Girl with a pearl earring","volume":"134","author":"West RW","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Gen Psych"}],"container-title":["Optometry and Vision Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181559d82","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181559d82","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181559d82","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T10:11:28Z","timestamp":1774951888000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181559d82"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181559d82"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/opx.0b013e3181559d82","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-5488","1538-9235"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-5488","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-9235","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]}}}