{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T12:53:02Z","timestamp":1788871982976,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,1]],"date-time":"2007-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1193875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,1]],"date-time":"2007-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1193875200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001773","name":"University of New South Wales","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001773","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["OVS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine first how much induced horizontal and vertical prism could be comfortably tolerated with readymade spectacle wear. Ultimately, the purpose is to develop a guide for dispensing decisions for blindness prevention programs in low\u2010resource countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nine participants each wore plano spectacles with differing prism power for 8 h (plano control). If visual discomfort could not be tolerated, participants removed the spectacles, noting duration of wear and reason for discontinuation. Distance and near visual comfort were rated, and participants asked if they would be able to adapt to wearing the spectacles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>On average, half of the wearing time was spent on concentrated near viewing tasks. The highest prism powers (1\u0394 BU, 2\u0394 BO, 2\u0394 BI) could not be worn for 8 h by the majority of participants. Comfort ratings at near (similar to those at distance) were statistically significantly different when the highest prism power was compared with each of the lower powers (vertical prism: both the control and 0.5 \u0394 differed from 1 \u0394; horizontal prism: the control, 0.5 \u0394 and 1 \u0394 all differed from 2 \u0394).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Most spectacle wearers would likely comfortably tolerate \u22640.5 \u0394 vertical, \u22641.0 \u0394 base out, or \u22641.0 \u0394 base in induced prism. A guide to the maximum interpupillary distance\/optical center distance disparities likely to be comfortably tolerated with varying spectacle powers was formulated. Powers up to \u00b11.50 DS are unlikely to have sufficient lens decentration to cause discomfort. This small study supports the feasibility of using readymade spectacles in low\u2010resource settings even though optical center distance may be different to the interpupillary distance of the wearer. It would seem that fear of visual discomfort because of induced prism need not preclude the use of readymade spectacles, potentially correcting about 75% of refractive error and presbyopia, mostly with powers +3.00 to \u22123.00 DS. Further study is needed to more fully address these issues.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0b013e318159aa69","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,4]],"date-time":"2009-03-04T21:33:17Z","timestamp":1236202397000},"page":"1053-1059","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Tolerance to Prism Induced by Readymade Spectacles: Setting and Using a Standard"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"R\u00c8N\u00c9E DU","family":"TOIT","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The International Centre for Eyecare Education Sydney Australia"},{"name":"The Fred Hollows Foundation (New Zealand) Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JACQUELINE","family":"RAMKE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The International Centre for Eyecare Education Sydney Australia"},{"name":"The Fred Hollows Foundation (New Zealand) Auckland New Zealand"},{"name":"The Vision Cooperative Research Centre Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"GARRY","family":"BRIAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fred Hollows Foundation (New Zealand) Auckland New Zealand"},{"name":"The Vision Cooperative Research Centre Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"844","article-title":"Global data on visual impairment in the year 2002","volume":"82","author":"Resnikoff S","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.77.7.398","article-title":"Blindness in the developing world","volume":"77","author":"Foster A","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-4-6","article-title":"What is the global burden of visual impairment","volume":"4","author":"Dandona L","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"145","article-title":"Population\u2010based study of spectacles use in southern India","volume":"50","author":"Dandona R","year":"2002","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7158.551","article-title":"Providing spectacles in developing countries. 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