{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T07:56:35Z","timestamp":1774943795760,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,1]],"date-time":"2008-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1217548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,1]],"date-time":"2008-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1217548800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000196","name":"Canada Foundation for Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["OVS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To date, few studies have correlated the overnight effects of the preocular tear film (POTF) with subjective symptoms. This study investigates the POTF volume and stability, bulbar hyperemia (BH), tear ferning (TF) and the participant's subjective symptoms, pre\u2010 and post\u2010sleep.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty subjects were recruited, consisting of two evenly distributed groups who were symptomatic of dry eye (DE) and those that were asymptomatic dry eye, determined using the McMonnies questionnaire. Subjects were evaluated at 10 p.m. (baseline), on waking at 7 a.m., and then hourly until 10 a.m. At each visit, tear meniscus height (TMH), various subjective factors, BH and POTF stability by non\u2010invasive break\u2010up time (NIBUT) were assessed. Tear collection was performed at 10 p.m, 7 and 10 a.m. for TF analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>With the exception of burning, all other symptoms (comfort, dryness, clarity of vision, and grittiness) revealed an overnight change (p &lt; 0.05) within each group, but not between the two groups (p &gt; 0.05). Both the tear meniscus height and BH were elevated upon waking and differed significantly between test times for each group (p &lt; 0.05), but not between groups (p &gt; 0.05). NIBUT was lower for the DE group (p &lt; 0.001). The non\u2010dry eye (NDE) group did not significantly alter over time (p &gt; 0.05), but the DE group did (p = 0.004), with a longer NIBUT in the morning. TF demonstrated a degraded pattern upon waking for both groups (p &lt; 0.05). Most of the changes returned to baseline within an hour after waking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The properties of the POTF undergo a change during extended periods of eye closure and the human POTF is different upon waking to that present immediately before sleep. Most of the parameters determined rapidly revert to baseline levels once the POTF is allowed to refresh.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0b013e318181a92f","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,28]],"date-time":"2008-07-28T03:07:22Z","timestamp":1217214442000},"page":"740-749","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Subjective and Objective Variation of the Tear Film Pre\u2010 and Post\u2010Sleep"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Etty","family":"Bitton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole d'optom\u00e9trie Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Keech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Contact Lens Research University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lyndon","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Contact Lens Research University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trefford","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Contact Lens Research University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-9462(00)00006-9","article-title":"Towards a closed eye model of the preocular tear layer","volume":"19","author":"Sack R","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.3109\/02713689309029226","article-title":"Temporal sequence of changes in tear film composition during sleep","volume":"12","author":"Tan KO","year":"1993","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","first-page":"626","article-title":"Diurnal tear cycle: evidence for a nocturnal inflammatory constitutive tear fluid","volume":"33","author":"Sack RA","year":"1992","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-2417-5_74","article-title":"The closed\u2010eye challenge","volume":"350","author":"Holden BA","year":"1994","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","first-page":"602","article-title":"The Castroviejo Lecture. 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