{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T07:28:25Z","timestamp":1774942105457,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,1]],"date-time":"2009-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,1]],"date-time":"2009-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238544000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["OVS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine (a) the effect of different sunglass tint colorations on traffic signal detection and recognition for color normal and color deficient observers, and (b) the adequacy of coloration requirements in current sunglass standards.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty color\u2010normals and 49 color\u2010deficient males performed a tracking task while wearing sunglasses of different colorations (clear, gray, green, yellow\u2010green, yellow\u2010brown, red\u2010brown). At random intervals, simulated traffic light signals were presented against a white background at 5\u00b0 to the right or left and observers were instructed to identify signal color (red\/yellow\/green) by pressing a response button as quickly as possible; response times and response errors were recorded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Signal color and sunglass tint had significant effects on response times and error rates (p &lt; 0.05), with significant between\u2010color group differences and interaction effects. Response times for color deficient people were considerably slower than color normals for both red and yellow signals for all sunglass tints, but for green signals they were only noticeably slower with the green and yellow\u2010green lenses. For most of the color deficient groups, there were recognition errors for yellow signals combined with the yellow\u2010green and green tints. In addition, deuteranopes had problems for red signals combined with red\u2010brown and yellow\u2010brown tints, and protanopes had problems for green signals combined with the green tint and for red signals combined with the red\u2010brown tint.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Many sunglass tints currently permitted for drivers and riders cause a measurable decrement in the ability of color deficient observers to detect and recognize traffic signals. In general, combinations of signals and sunglasses of similar colors are of particular concern. This is prima facie evidence of a risk in the use of these tints for driving and cautions against the relaxation of coloration limits in sunglasses beyond those represented in the study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0b013e318199d1da","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,21]],"date-time":"2009-05-21T16:20:09Z","timestamp":1242922809000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Sunglasses, Traffic Signals, and Color Vision Deficiencies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Dain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanne M.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation Queensland University of Technology Kelvin Grove Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Atchison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation Queensland University of Technology Kelvin Grove Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.45.3.495.27247","article-title":"Traffic signal color recognition is a problem for both protan and deutan color\u2010vision deficients","volume":"45","author":"Atchison DA","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.56.000516","article-title":"Optimum intensity of red road\u2010traffic signal lights for normal and protanopic observers","volume":"56","author":"Cole BL","year":"1966","journal-title":"J Opt Soc Am"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","volume-title":"An examination of nightime dimming. Publication No. FHWA\u2010RD\u201085\u2010005","author":"Freedman M","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.54.001041","article-title":"Recognition of colored road traffic light signals by normal and color\u2010vision\u2010defective observers","volume":"54","author":"Nathan J","year":"1964","journal-title":"J Opt Soc Am"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","volume-title":"Congenital and Acquired Color Vision Defects","author":"Pokorny J","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.1986.tb04594.x","article-title":"Tinted contact lenses slow reaction time in colour defective observers","volume":"69","author":"Pun HW","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1988.tb01056.x","article-title":"Are colour vision standards justified for the transport industry?","volume":"8","author":"Vingrys AJ","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2004.tb05056.x","article-title":"The handicap of abnormal colour vision","volume":"87","author":"Cole BL","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","first-page":"427","article-title":"Das Sehorgan und das Unfallgeschehen im Strassenverkehr","volume":"142","author":"Hager G","year":"1963","journal-title":"Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00137452","article-title":"New investigations concerning the relationships between congenital colour vision defects and road traffic security","volume":"2","author":"Verriest G","year":"1980","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2002.tb03045.x","article-title":"Protan colour vision deficiency and road accidents","volume":"85","author":"Cole BL","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-196911000-00004","article-title":"Color in sunglass lenses","volume":"46","author":"Clark BA","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","first-page":"307","article-title":"Coloration limits for sunglass lenses","volume":"53","author":"Clark BA","year":"1970","journal-title":"Aust J Optom"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","volume-title":"Sunglasses","author":"Australian Standards Association","year":"1971"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","volume-title":"Sunglasses and Fashion Spectacles. 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