{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T02:09:41Z","timestamp":1780106981183,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]],"date-time":"2009-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]],"date-time":"2009-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243814400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["OVS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Corneal and crystalline lens shape differ in Down syndrome (DS) compared with developmentally normal populations. This study specifically explored the association between corneal curvature and refractive error for the first time in DS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants were 29 children with 59 age\u2010matched controls (33 males and 35 females; mean age 12.4 \u00b1 1.8 years) and DS (9 to 16 years; 19 males and 10 females; mean age 12.8 \u00b1 1.9 years). Corneal curvature was measured using a hand\u2010held keratometer. Refractive error was assessed by distance static retinoscopy in the control group and Mohindra retinoscopy in the DS group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The DS group demonstrated a high frequency and magnitude of refractive errors (mean DS + 2.52 \u00b1 3.00 D; mean controls \u22120.46 \u00b1 1.32 D). The majority of controls had little or no significant refractive error. DS cornea were significantly steeper (mean DS 45.62 \u00b1 2.13 D; mean controls 43.10 \u00b1 1.37 D). Neither DS nor control data demonstrate significant relations between corneal and total refractive power (M vector). Astigmatic errors in the DS group were more frequently oblique and demonstrated strong right\u2010left specificity. The DS data did not demonstrate a significant association between corneal and total astigmatism along principal meridians (J\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), however, a significant relation was found for the control data (linear regression, r = 0.51, p &lt; 0.0001). No significant association between corneal and total oblique astigmatism (J\n                      <jats:sub>45<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) was demonstrated by either DS or control data.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study is the first to explicitly investigate the association between corneal power and refractive error in children with DS. The majority of the DS group have significant refractive errors including an increased prevalence of oblique astigmatism. Corneal curvature in DS is not related to spherical (M) or astigmatic (J\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      , J\n                      <jats:sub>45<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) refractive error. Further research is required to better understand the association between the ocular structures of the DS eye and their impact on functional vision.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0b013e3181a59d5d","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,25]],"date-time":"2009-05-25T03:27:26Z","timestamp":1243222046000},"page":"748-754","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Corneal Power and Astigmatism in Down Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Julie\u2010Anne","family":"Little","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences University of Ulster Coleraine Northern Ireland United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J Margaret","family":"Woodhouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science Cardiff University Cardiff Wales United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn J.","family":"Saunders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences University of Ulster Coleraine Northern Ireland United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(90)90116-D","article-title":"Down syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Catalano RA","year":"1990","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)72015-X","article-title":"Ocular findings in Down\u2019s syndrome","volume":"122","author":"Cunha RP","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_4_2","first-page":"243","article-title":"Keratoconus and blindness in 469 institutionalised subjects with Down syndrome and other causes of mental retardation","volume":"25","author":"Walsh SZ","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Ment Defic Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.82.7.793","article-title":"Emmetropisation, axial length, and corneal topography in teenagers with Down\u2019s syndrome","volume":"82","author":"Doyle SJ","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3109\/13816819609057864","article-title":"Ocular findings in 55 patients with Down\u2019s syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Berk AT","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.83.10.1112","article-title":"Amblyopia and visual acuity in children with Down\u2019s syndrome","volume":"83","author":"Tsiaras WG","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.2001.079002133.x","article-title":"Strabismus and binocular function in children with Down syndrome. 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