{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T13:48:18Z","timestamp":1793108898007,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]],"date-time":"2009-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]],"date-time":"2009-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243814400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["OVS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>Blur induced by uncorrected astigmatism during early development can result in amblyopia, as evidenced by reduced best\u2010corrected vision relative to normal, in measures of grating acuity, vernier acuity, contrast sensitivity across a range of spatial frequencies, recognition acuity, and stereoacuity. In addition, uncorrected astigmatism during early development can result in meridional amblyopia, or best\u2010corrected visual deficits that are greater for, or are present only for, specific stimulus orientations. Astigmatism\u2010related amblyopia can be successfully treated with optical correction in children as old as school age, but the amblyopia may not be completely eliminated with optical treatment alone, and the age at which optical treatment is most effective has yet to be determined. Future research on determining the period of susceptibility of the visual system to negative effects of uncorrected astigmatism and exploration of alternative or complimentary treatment methods, in addition to optical correction, are warranted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0b013e3181a6165f","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,25]],"date-time":"2009-05-25T03:27:26Z","timestamp":1243222046000},"page":"634-639","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Development and Treatment of Astigmatism\u2010Related Amblyopia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Erin M.","family":"Harvey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science and the College of Public Health The University of Arizona Tucson Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/228477a0","article-title":"Development of the brain depends on the visual environment","volume":"228","author":"Blakemore C","year":"1970","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1126\/science.168.3933.869","article-title":"Visual experience modifies distribution of horizontally and vertically oriented receptive fields in cats","volume":"168","author":"Hirsch HV","year":"1970","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1126\/science.175.4028.1384","article-title":"A neural effect of partial visual deprivation in humans","volume":"175","author":"Freeman RD","year":"1972","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(73)90023-0","article-title":"Meridional amblyopia: evidence for modification of the human visual system by early visual experience","volume":"13","author":"Mitchell DE","year":"1973","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1974.sp010774","article-title":"The effect of early astigmatism on the visual resolution of gratings","volume":"243","author":"Mithcell DE","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(75)90025-5","article-title":"Asymmetries in human accomodation and visual experience","volume":"15","author":"Freeman RD","year":"1975","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1975.sp010952","article-title":"Contrast sensitivity in humans with abnormal visual experience","volume":"247","author":"Freedman RD","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_9_2","first-page":"38","article-title":"Resolution acuity in astigmats: evidence for a critical period in the human visual system","volume":"32","author":"Cobb SR","year":"1978","journal-title":"Br J Physiol Opt"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00140811","article-title":"Binocular visual form deprivation in human infants","volume":"55","author":"Mohindra I","year":"1983","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_11_2","first-page":"145","article-title":"Meridional amblyopia does result from astigmatism in early childhood","volume":"1","author":"Gwiazda J","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1996.46","article-title":"Two infant vision screening programmes: prediction and prevention of strabismus and amblyopia from photo\u2010 and videorefractive screening","volume":"10","author":"Atkinson J","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1990.tb01671.x","article-title":"A longitudinal study of a population based sample of astigmatic children. 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