{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T01:58:03Z","timestamp":1791079083923,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]],"date-time":"2009-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]],"date-time":"2009-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243814400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["OVS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>Studies of children treated for dense cataract shed light on the extent to which pattern stimulation drives normal visual development and whether there are sensitive periods during which an abnormal visual environment is especially detrimental. Here, we summarize the findings to date into five general principles: (1) At least for low\u2010level vision, aspects of vision that develop the earliest are the least likely to be adversely affected by abnormal visual input whereas those that develop later are affected more severely. (2) Early visual input is necessary to preserve the neural infrastructure for later visual learning, even for visual capabilities that will not appear until later in development. (3) The development of both the dorsal and ventral streams depends on normal visual input. (4) After monocular deprivation has been treated by surgical removal of the cataractous lens, the interactions between the aphakic and phakic eyes are competitive for low\u2010level vision but are complementary for high\u2010level vision. (5) There are multiple sensitive periods during which experience can influence visual development.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>The studies described here have important implications for understanding normal development. They indicate that patterned visual input immediately after birth plays a vital role in the construction and preservation of the neural architecture that will later mediate sensitivity to both basic and higher level aspects of vision. The period during which patterned visual input is necessary for normal visual development varies widely across different aspects of vision and can range from only a few months after birth to more than the first 10 years of life. The results point to new research questions on why early visual deprivation can cause later deficits, what limits adult plasticity, and whether effective rehabilitation in other areas can provide new clues for the treatment of amblyopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0b013e3181a7296b","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,25]],"date-time":"2009-05-25T03:27:26Z","timestamp":1243222046000},"page":"640-646","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Effects of Early Pattern Deprivation on Visual Development"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Terri L.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Neuroscience &amp; Behaviour McMaster University Hamilton"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology The Hospital for Sick Children"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences University of Toronto Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daphne","family":"Maurer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Neuroscience &amp; Behaviour McMaster University Hamilton"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology The Hospital for Sick Children"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1126\/science.140.3564.296","article-title":"Pattern vision in newborn infants","volume":"140","author":"Fantz RL","year":"1963","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_3_2","first-page":"181","volume-title":"Early Behavior: Comparative and Developmental Approaches","author":"Fantz RL","year":"1967"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1037\/h0044173","article-title":"Maturation of pattern vision in infants during the first six months","volume":"55","author":"Fantz RL","year":"1962","journal-title":"J Comp Physiol Psychol"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(86)90040-8","article-title":"Newborns\u2019 discrimination of chromatic from achromatic stimuli","volume":"41","author":"Adams RJ","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Exp Child Psychol"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1068\/p170587","article-title":"Development of orientation discrimination in infancy","volume":"17","author":"Atkinson J","year":"1988","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1068\/p170597","article-title":"Orientation discrimination and cortical function in the human newborn","volume":"17","author":"Slater A","year":"1988","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0707021105","article-title":"A predisposition for biological motion in the newborn baby","volume":"105","author":"Simion F","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1068\/p2858","article-title":"Configural processing at birth: evidence for perceptual organisation","volume":"29","author":"Farroni T","year":"2000","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_10_2","first-page":"237","volume-title":"The Handbook of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience","author":"Maurer D","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S1566-2772(01)00010-X","article-title":"Visual acuity: the role of visual input in inducing postnatal change","volume":"1","author":"Maurer D","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Neurosci Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1348\/0261510041552738","article-title":"New evidence for infant colour categories","volume":"22","author":"Franklin A","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Dev Psychol"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(98)00280-6","article-title":"Development of spatial and temporal vision during childhood","volume":"39","author":"Ellemberg D","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(01)00278-4","article-title":"Better perception of global motion after monocular than after binocular deprivation","volume":"42","author":"Ellemberg D","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1068\/p3339","article-title":"Configural face processing develops more slowly than featural face processing","volume":"31","author":"Mondloch CJ","year":"2002","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1080\/13506280600859383","article-title":"The composite face effect in six\u2010year\u2010old children: evidence of adultlike holistic face processing","volume":"15","author":"Mondloch CJ","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vis Cogn"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2004.10.005","article-title":"The maturation of form and motion perception in school age children","volume":"45","author":"Parrish EE","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1068\/p5403","article-title":"The development of sensitivity to biological motion in noise","volume":"35","author":"Freire A","year":"2006","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1068\/p5189","article-title":"A window on the normal development of sensitivity to global form in Glass patterns","volume":"33","author":"Lewis TL","year":"2004","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12204","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.21.12204","article-title":"Late maturation of visual spatial integration in humans","volume":"96","author":"Kovacs I","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_21_2","first-page":"99","volume-title":"The Development of Face Processing in Infancy and Early Childhood: Current Perspectives","author":"Mondloch CJ","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e100013","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000137","article-title":"Innate visual learning through spontaneous activity patterns","volume":"4","author":"Albert MV","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-05-01791.1996","article-title":"An adult\u2010like pattern of ocular dominance columns in striate cortex of newborn monkeys prior to visual experience","volume":"16","author":"Horton JC","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8886","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-22-08886.2001","article-title":"Sensory and multisensory responses in the newborn monkey superior colliculus","volume":"21","author":"Wallace MT","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_25_2","first-page":"415","volume-title":"The Handbook of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience","author":"Maurer D","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_26_2","first-page":"391","volume-title":"Early Visual Development, Normal and Abnormal","author":"Levi DM","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(81)90100-0","article-title":"Development of critical flicker frequency in human infants","volume":"21","author":"Regal DM","year":"1981","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(82)90079-7","article-title":"Visual acuity development in infants and young children, as assessed by operant preferential looking","volume":"22","author":"Mayer DL","year":"1982","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3480","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(99)00078-4","article-title":"Spatial and temporal vision in patients treated for bilateral congenital cataracts","volume":"39","author":"Ellemberg D","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(00)00165-6","article-title":"Influence of monocular deprivation during infancy on the later development of spatial and temporal vision","volume":"40","author":"Ellemberg D","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(77)90007-4","article-title":"Development of contrast sensitivity over the first 3 months of life in the human infant","volume":"17","author":"Atkinson J","year":"1977","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_32_2","first-page":"361","article-title":"Acuity and contrast sensitivity in 1\u2010, 2\u2010, and 3\u2010month\u2010old human infants","volume":"17","author":"Banks MS","year":"1978","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-19971101-06","article-title":"Constriction of the visual field of children after early visual deprivation","volume":"34","author":"Bowering ER","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_34_2","volume-title":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Technical Report 1996; No. 96.1","author":"Bowering ER","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(96)00300-8","article-title":"Development of temporal contrast sensitivity in human infants","volume":"37","author":"Rasengane TA","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(92)90017-D","article-title":"Infant temporal contrast sensitivity at low temporal frequencies","volume":"32","author":"Teller DY","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_37_2","first-page":"671","article-title":"Monocular acuity norms for the Teller Acuity Cards between ages one month and four years","volume":"36","author":"Mayer DL","year":"1995","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_38_2","first-page":"40P","article-title":"Visual deprivation prevents the postnatal maturation of spatial contrast sensitivity neurons of the monkey\u2019s striate cortex","volume":"345","author":"Blakemore C","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Physiol (London)"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(75)90809-4","article-title":"Physiological consequences of unilateral and bilateral eye closure in macaque monkeys: some further observations","volume":"84","author":"Crawford ML","year":"1975","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_40_2","first-page":"2328","article-title":"Bilateral form deprivation in monkeys. Electrophysiologic and anatomic consequences","volume":"32","author":"Crawford ML","year":"1991","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(02)01903-4","article-title":"The many faces of configural processing","volume":"6","author":"Maurer D","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_42_2","first-page":"55","volume-title":"The Development of Face Processing in Infancy and Early Childhood: Current Perspectives","author":"Cashon CH","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327647jcd0501_4","article-title":"Beyond U\u2010shaped development in infants\u2019 processing of faces: an information\u2010processing account","volume":"5","author":"Cashon CH","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Cogn Dev"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2005.00837.x","article-title":"Face processing in infancy: developmental changes in the use of different kinds of relational information","volume":"76","author":"Bhatt RS","year":"2005","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1038\/35073749","article-title":"Neuroperception. Early visual experience and face processing","volume":"410","author":"Le Grand R","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0956-7976.2004.00753.x","article-title":"Impairment in holistic face processing following early visual deprivation","volume":"15","author":"Le Grand R","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2007.00562.x","article-title":"Sleeper effects","volume":"10","author":"Maurer D","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_48_2","first-page":"445","volume-title":"Cerebral Cortex. Models of Cortical Circuits","author":"Wilson HR","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1038\/223578a0","article-title":"Moir\u00e9 effect from random dots","volume":"223","author":"Glass L","year":"1969","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_50_2","first-page":"51","volume-title":"Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention: A Developmental Perspective","author":"Maurer D","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.10.030187.002051","article-title":"Visual processing in monkey extrastriate cortex","volume":"10","author":"Maunsell JH","year":"1987","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.08-06-02201.1988","article-title":"A selective impairment of motion perception following lesions of the middle temporal visual area (MT)","volume":"8","author":"Newsome WT","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(02)00041-X","article-title":"Sensitivity to global form in glass patterns after early visual deprivation in humans","volume":"42","author":"Lewis TL","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_54_2","volume-title":"The Developing Visual Brain","author":"Atkinson J","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200205070-00021","article-title":"Dorsal and ventral stream sensitivity in normal development and hemiplegia","volume":"13","author":"Gunn A","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198568742.003.0013","volume-title":"Processes of Change in Brain and Cognitive Development: Attention and Performance, XXI","author":"Neville HJ","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1963.26.6.1003","article-title":"Single\u2010cell responses in striate cortex of kittens deprived of vision in one eye","volume":"26","author":"Wiesel TN","year":"1963","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.20055","article-title":"Multiple sensitive periods in human visual development: evidence from visually deprived children","volume":"46","author":"Lewis TL","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev Psychobiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3952507","article-title":"Multiple sensitive periods in the development of the primate visual system","volume":"232","author":"Harwerth RS","year":"1986","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_60_2","first-page":"43","volume-title":"Neurobiology of Infant Vision","author":"Daw NW","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.20050","article-title":"Perceptual learning in adults with amblyopia: a reevaluation of critical periods in human vision","volume":"46","author":"Levi DM","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev Psychobiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(03)00070-1","article-title":"Post\u2010stroke reorganization of hand motor area: a 1\u2010year prospective follow\u2010up with focal transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"114","author":"Delvaux V","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2008.06.052","article-title":"Brain plasticity in the adult: modulation of function in amblyopia with rTMS","volume":"18","author":"Thompson B","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Biol"}],"container-title":["Optometry and Vision Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181a7296b","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181a7296b","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181a7296b","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T05:54:50Z","timestamp":1774936490000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181a7296b"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181a7296b"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/opx.0b013e3181a7296b","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-5488","1538-9235"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-5488","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-9235","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]}}}