{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T07:27:12Z","timestamp":1774942032521,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,1]],"date-time":"2010-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1272672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,1]],"date-time":"2010-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1272672000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["OVS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine whether reduced astigmatism\u2010corrected acuity for vertical (V) and\/or horizontal (H) gratings and\/or meridional amblyopia (MA) are present before 3 years of age in children who have with\u2010the\u2010rule astigmatism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Subjects were 448 children, 6 months through 2 years of age with no known ocular abnormalities other than with\u2010the\u2010rule astigmatism, who were recruited through Women, Infants and Children clinics on the Tohono O'odham reservation. Children were classified as non\u2010astigmats (\u22642.00 diopters) or astigmats (&gt;2.00 diopters) based on right eye non\u2010cycloplegic autorefraction measurements (Welch Allyn SureSight). Right eye astigmatism\u2010corrected grating acuity for V and H stimuli was measured using the Teller Acuity Card procedure while children wore cross\u2010cylinder lenses to correct their astigmatism or plano lenses if they had no astigmatism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Astigmatism\u2010corrected acuity for both V and H gratings was significantly poorer in the astigmats than in the non\u2010astigmats, and the reduction in acuity for astigmats was present for children in all three age groups examined (6 months to &lt;1 year, 1 to &lt;2 years, and 2 to &lt;3 years). There was no significant difference in V\u2010H grating acuity (no evidence of MA) for the astigmatic group as a whole, or when data were analyzed for each age group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Even in the youngest age group, astigmats tested with astigmatism correction showed reduced acuity for both V and H gratings, which suggests that astigmatism is having a negative influence on visual development. We found no evidence of orientation\u2010related differences in astigmatism\u2010corrected grating acuity, indicating either that MA does not develop before 3 years of age, or that most of the astigmatic children had a type of astigmatism, i.e., hyperopic, that has proven to be less likely than myopic or mixed astigmatism to result in MA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0b013e3181d951c8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,26]],"date-time":"2010-03-26T05:37:54Z","timestamp":1269581874000},"page":"330-336","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Amblyopia in Astigmatic Infants and Toddlers"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Velma","family":"Dobson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science The University of Arizona Tucson Arizona"},{"name":"Department of Psychology The University of Arizona Tucson Arizona"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erin M.","family":"Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science The University of Arizona Tucson Arizona"},{"name":"College of Public Health The University of Arizona Tucson Arizona"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Candice E.","family":"Clifford\u2010Donaldson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science The University of Arizona Tucson Arizona"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tina K.","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science The University of Arizona Tucson Arizona"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph M.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science The University of 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