{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T09:11:28Z","timestamp":1791191488018,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,1]],"date-time":"2010-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1272672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,1]],"date-time":"2010-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1272672000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NEI R01 EY 05109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NEI R01 EY 05109"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["OVS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to examine the impact of different aberrations modes (e.g., coma, astigmatism, spherical aberration [SA]) and different aberration basis functions (Zernike or Seidel) on visual acuity (VA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Computational optics was used to generate retinal images degraded by either the Zernike or Seidel forms of second through fourth\u2010order aberrations for an eye with a 5\u2010mm pupil diameter. High contrast, photopic VA was measured using method of constant stimuli for letters displayed on a computer\u2010controlled, linearized, quasimonochromatic (\u03bb = 556 nm) display.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Minimum angle of resolution (MAR) varied linearly with the magnitude (root mean square error) of all modes of aberration. The impact of individual Zernike lower\u2010 and higher\u2010order aberrations (HOAs) varied significantly with mode, e.g., arc minutes of MAR per micrometer of root mean square slopes varied from 7 (spherical defocus) to 0.5 (quadrafoil). Seidel forms of these aberrations always had a smaller visual impact. Notably, Seidel SA had 1\/17th the impact of Zernike SA with the same wavefront variance, and about 1\/4th the impact of Zernike SA with matching levels of r\n                      <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n                      wavefront error. With lower\u2010order components removed, HOAs near the center of the Zernike pyramid do not have a large visual impact.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The majority of the visual impact of high levels of fourth\u2010order Zernike aberrations can be attributed to the second\u2010order terms within these polynomials. Therefore, the impact of SA can be minimized by balancing it with a defocus term that flattens the central wavefront (paraxial focus) or maximizes the area of the pupil with a flat wavefront. Over this wide range of aberration types and levels, image quality metrics based on the Point Spread Function (PSF) and Optical Transfer Function (OTF) can predict VA as reliably as VA measures can predict retests of VA, and, thus, such metrics may become valuable predictors of both VA and, via optimization, refractions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0b013e3181d95217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,26]],"date-time":"2010-03-26T05:37:54Z","timestamp":1269581874000},"page":"300-312","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Visual Impact of Zernike and Seidel Forms of Monochromatic Aberrations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Xu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry Indiana University Bloomington Indiana"},{"name":"Vistakon Corporation Jacksonville Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur","family":"Bradley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry Indiana University Bloomington Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sowmya","family":"Ravikumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry Indiana University Bloomington Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larry N.","family":"Thibos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry Indiana University Bloomington Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199106000-00003","article-title":"Effects of spherical and astigmatic defocus on acuity and contrast sensitivity: a comparison of three clinical charts","volume":"68","author":"Bradley A","year":"1991","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-196104000-00002","article-title":"The relationship between refractive error and visual acuity at three age levels","volume":"38","author":"Peters HB","year":"1961","journal-title":"Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199504000-00008","article-title":"Spherocylindrical refractive errors and visual acuity","volume":"72","author":"Raasch TW","year":"1995","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198907000-00004","article-title":"Effect of defocus on visual acuity as measured by source and observer methods","volume":"66","author":"Smith G","year":"1989","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200302000-00005","article-title":"Visual acuity as a function of Zernike mode and level of root mean square error","volume":"80","author":"Applegate RA","year":"2003","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1097\/01.opx.0000232842.60932.af","article-title":"Metrics of retinal image quality predict visual performance in eyes with 20\/17 or better visual acuity","volume":"83","author":"Applegate RA","year":"2006","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.19.000266","article-title":"Visual performance after correcting the monochromatic and chromatic aberrations of the eye","volume":"19","author":"Yoon GY","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Opt Soc Am (A)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","unstructured":"RougerH BenardY LegrasR. 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