{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T07:52:34Z","timestamp":1774943554128,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,1]],"date-time":"2010-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1280620800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,1]],"date-time":"2010-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1280620800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["OVS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the effect of non\u2010penetrating corneal foreign bodies secondary to explosive blasts on the visual performance of soldiers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a prospective, non\u2010interventional study subjective visual performance and objective optical quality of 11 injured eyes with retained corneal foreign bodies were compared with that of 11 normal controls. Visual performance measures consisted of best spectacle\u2010corrected high\u2010contrast visual acuity (HCVA), low\u2010contrast (5%) visual acuity (LCVA), and contrast sensitivity (CS). LCVA was evaluated in two luminance levels (photopic and mesopic) and two glare conditions (with and without glare). Acuity measurements were scored using logMAR notation. Objective optical quality was assessed comparing total root mean square wavefront error (WFE) and percent higher order aberrations. Modulation transfer functions calculated from the wavefront maps were used to predict the results of the psychophysical contrast testing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      HCVA of injured eyes (M = \u22120.03) did not differ significantly (t\n                      <jats:sub>(20)<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 1.56, p = 0.13) when compared with controls (M = \u22120.09). However, visual performance of injured eyes (M = 0.33) was significantly worse than control eyes (M = 0.11) on photopic LCVA (t\n                      <jats:sub>(20)<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 4.16, p &lt; 0.001), mesopic LCVA(M = 0.44 vs. M = 0.21, t\n                      <jats:sub>(20)<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 3.85, p = 0.001), mesopic LCVA with glare (M = 0.49 vs. M = 0.21, t\n                      <jats:sub>(20)<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 3.66, p = 0.002), and small letter CS (M = 0.25 vs. M = 0.90, t\n                      <jats:sub>(20)<\/jats:sub>\n                      = \u22126.6, p &lt; 0.001). For a 6\u2010mm pupil, mean absolute WFE attributed to higher order aberrations for the injured eyes was 0.86 \u03bcm and 0.59 \u03bcm for the control eyes. This difference was significant (t\n                      <jats:sub>(20)<\/jats:sub>\n                      = \u22122.15, p = 0.044).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although HCVA was no different than the normal controls, visual performance of the injured eyes was significantly worse in terms of LCVA and CS. On average, visual performance can be broadly predicted by the modulation transfer function derived from the subjects' wavefront aberration map.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0b013e3181e61bc0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,28]],"date-time":"2010-05-28T05:41:35Z","timestamp":1275025295000},"page":"604-611","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effect of Blast Trauma and Corneal Foreign Bodies on Visual Performance"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Charles D.","family":"Coe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Service Walter Reed Army Medical Center Washington District of Columbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kraig S.","family":"Bower","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Service Walter Reed Army Medical Center Washington District of Columbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dain B.","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Service Brooke Army Medical Center San Antonio Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard D.","family":"Stutzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Service Walter Reed Army Medical Center Washington District of Columbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jenna Burka","family":"Hammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bluegrass Eye Louisville Kentucky"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(97)00022-2","article-title":"Eye injuries in twentieth century warfare: a historical perspective","volume":"41","author":"Wong TY","year":"1997","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(93)31455-7","article-title":"Ocular and ocular adnexal injuries treated by United States military ophthalmologists during Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm","volume":"100","author":"Mader TH","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.04.032","article-title":"Severe eye injuries in the war in Iraq, 2003\u20132005","volume":"115","author":"Thach AB","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.04.024","article-title":"Intraocular foreign body injuries during Operation Iraqi Freedom","volume":"112","author":"Thach AB","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.07.018","article-title":"Ocular war injuries of the Iraqi Insurgency, January\u2010September 2004","volume":"113","author":"Mader TH","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","first-page":"844","article-title":"Eye injuries in a terrorist bombing: Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, June 25, 1996","volume":"107","author":"Thach AB","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","first-page":"837","article-title":"Ocular injuries sustained by survivors of the Oklahoma City bombing","volume":"107","author":"Mines M","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1177\/004947559302300213","article-title":"Blast injuries of the eye","volume":"23","author":"Zerihun N","year":"1993","journal-title":"Trop Doct"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.08.033","article-title":"Combat ocular trauma visual outcomes during Operations Iraqi and Enduring Freedom","volume":"115","author":"Weichel ED","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.05.013","article-title":"Perforating globe injuries during operation Iraqi Freedom","volume":"115","author":"Colyer MH","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.10.052","article-title":"Delayed intraocular foreign body removal without endophthalmitis during Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom","volume":"114","author":"Colyer MH","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","unstructured":"HullA.Wounded or disabled but still on active duty: In attitude shift military aims to retain soldiers. 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