{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T06:00:16Z","timestamp":1778220016028,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,1]],"date-time":"2010-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1280620800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,1]],"date-time":"2010-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1280620800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["OVS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective record review was conducted to investigate the proportion of patients with refractive error in a Polish immigrant population residing in an urban environment. Illinois has more than 1 million people of Polish descent as citizens, and Chicago is considered to have the second largest population of Polish descent in the world, outside of Warsaw, Poland.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Six hundred seventy\u2010five records (271 men\/404 women) of Polish immigrants were reviewed from a practice with &gt;92% Polish immigrants in the patient base. The patients ranged in age from 3 to 94 years. Refractive status for each eye, and the existence of any strabismus or amblyopia, was recorded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The proportion of myopia [spherical equivalent at least \u22120.75 diopter (D)] was found to be 35.1%, whereas the proportion of hyperopia (spherical equivalent \u2265+0.75 D) was found to be 38.4%. Fifteen percent of the patients exhibited astigmatism \u22651.00 D. Amblyopia was present in 9% of the patients, whereas the prevalence of strabismus was found to be 3%, with 76% of the strabismics exhibiting esotropia. In the 0\u2010 to 18\u2010year age range and the 19\u2010 to 45\u2010year age range, the most common refractive error was low myopia (43.9 and 36.9%), whereas in the patients &gt;45 years of age, it was low hyperopia (31.2%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Refractive error data are presented for a population base that has not been previously reported, although Polish Americans comprise 3% of the US population. Myopia is more common in young Polish patients than in the general US population. The strong hyperopic shift in older patients may either be normal aging or the product of increased near work in the young. The high rates of amblyopia call for more aggressive education and treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0b013e3181e61beb","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,4]],"date-time":"2010-06-04T03:52:24Z","timestamp":1275623544000},"page":"588-592","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Proportion of Refractive Errors in a Polish Immigrant Population in Chicago"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Christine L.","family":"Allison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Illinois College of Optometry Chicago Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","first-page":"2486","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for refractive errors in adult Chinese in Singapore","volume":"41","author":"Wong TY","year":"2000","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198607000-00009","article-title":"Need for eye and vision care in an underserved population: refractive errors and other ocular anomalies in the Sioux","volume":"63","author":"Adler\u2010Grinberg D","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Optom Physiol Opt"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3180335c52","article-title":"Refractive errors of medical students in Turkey: one year follow\u2010up of refraction and biometry","volume":"84","author":"Onal S","year":"2007","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","first-page":"870","article-title":"Refractive error in a Puerto Rican rural population","volume":"61","author":"Gordon A","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Am Optom Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3109\/09286589509057096","article-title":"A population\u2010based survey of the prevalence of refractive error in Malawi","volume":"2","author":"Lewallen S","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-6404.2002.00492.x","article-title":"Population\u2010based assessment of refractive error in India: the Andhra Pradesh eye disease study","volume":"30","author":"Dandona R","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Experiment Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1984.tb08447.x","article-title":"Refractive errors in a Finnish rural population","volume":"62","author":"Aine E","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","unstructured":"US Census Bureau.Ancestry. 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