{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T07:52:55Z","timestamp":1774943575661,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,1]],"date-time":"2010-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1288569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,1]],"date-time":"2010-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1288569600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["OVS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Bacterial conjunctivitis is a common ocular infection that is generally treated empirically with a broad\u2010spectrum antibiotic. The more common pathogens causing bacterial conjunctivitis include\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Moraxella<\/jats:italic>\n                      species. Several antibiotics traditionally used to treat bacterial conjunctivitis are no longer widely prescribed because of increased bacterial resistance and\/or safety concerns. The introduction of the fluoroquinolone class of anti\u2010infectives offered effective and better tolerated treatment options. Nonetheless, successful therapy for bacterial conjunctivitis continues to be limited by several factors. A primary concern is the development of bacterial resistance that may be impacted not only by widespread antibiotic use but also by antibacterial pharmacokinetics, such as maintenance of insufficient bactericidal concentrations at the site of infection. In addition, poor adherence to prescribed regimens that require frequent administration, along with undesirable adverse events, affects the development of bacterial resistance and the success of treatment regimens. This article reviews current antibacterial agents used to treat bacterial conjunctivitis, factors that limit their successful use in treatment, and options for future development of more effective topical ophthalmic anti\u2010infective agents.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0b013e3181f6fbb3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,10]],"date-time":"2010-09-10T06:30:51Z","timestamp":1284100251000},"page":"908-919","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Limitations of Current Antibiotics for the Treatment of Bacterial Conjunctivitis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Karpecki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Koffler Vision Group Lexington Kentucky"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Paterno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bausch &amp; Lomb, Inc. Rochester New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy L.","family":"Comstock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bausch &amp; Lomb, Inc. Rochester New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-1549(05)70145-0","article-title":"Therapy for bacterial conjunctivitis","volume":"12","author":"Diamant JI","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Clin North Am"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_3_2","first-page":"735","article-title":"Conjunctivitis","volume":"57","author":"Morrow GL","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_4_2","first-page":"CD001211","article-title":"Antibiotics versus placebo for acute bacterial conjunctivitis","volume":"2","author":"Sheikh A","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_5_2","first-page":"473","article-title":"Topical antibiotics for acute bacterial conjunctivitis: a systematic review","volume":"51","author":"Sheikh A","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.03.076","article-title":"Update on bacterial conjunctivitis in South Florida","volume":"115","author":"Cavuoto K","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_7_2","volume-title":"Drug Facts and Comparisons","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.84.7.687","article-title":"In vitro antibiotic resistance in bacterial keratitis in London","volume":"84","author":"Tuft SJ","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2004.03.007","article-title":"Surveillance of the susceptibility of ocular bacterial pathogens to the fluoroquinolone gatifloxacin and other antimicrobials in Europe during 2001\/2002","volume":"49","author":"Morrissey I","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199937050-00001","article-title":"Treatment of ocular infections with topical antibacterials","volume":"37","author":"Leeming JP","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_11_2","first-page":"178","article-title":"Treatment of ocular bacterial infections: an update","volume":"68","author":"Hammond RW","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Optom Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1992.01080210052022","article-title":"Ofloxacin vs tobramycin for the treatment of external ocular infection. 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