{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:44:48Z","timestamp":1787010288512,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,1]],"date-time":"2011-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1293840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,1]],"date-time":"2011-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1293840000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["OVS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>More than 90% of blindness worldwide exists in the developing world, but information on the social and economic burden and the cost\u2010effectiveness of treatment in these settings is often limited or nonexistent. We demonstrate the use of computer modeling to simulate the current and future epidemiology, outcomes, and treatment of primary open\u2010angle glaucoma in high\u2010incidence populations of the developing world.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A previously validated vision model was modified to simulate the incidence progression and social and economic outcomes of glaucoma in Barbados, which was the source of epidemiology data, and Ghana, which has similar propensity for glaucoma but lower socioeconomic development. We then assessed the cost\u2010effectiveness of hypothetical case\u2010finding and treatment scenarios, including U.S. guideline\u2010level care and one\u2010time laser surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Barbados incurs relatively greater social and economic burden from glaucoma than Ghana. In Barbados, population screening followed by U.S. guideline levels of care appears to be highly cost\u2010effective. Because of a younger population with higher mortality at younger ages, glaucoma appears to cause less visual impairment and blindness in Ghana than in Barbados, resulting in lower per capita disability and productivity losses. Population screening or guideline\u2010level treatment scenarios were generally not cost\u2010effective in Ghana, but treating self\u2010referring patients with a hypothetical one\u2010time laser surgery was highly cost\u2010effective relative to World Health Organization willingness to pay thresholds.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The social and economic burden of glaucoma is higher in developed nations because of increased life expectancy, an older population age profile, and higher per capita gross domestic product. Similarly, lower mortality rates and higher per capita gross domestic product increase the relative cost\u2010effectiveness of screening and treatment interventions intended to mitigate glaucoma burden.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0b013e3181fc30f3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,13]],"date-time":"2010-11-13T04:17:17Z","timestamp":1289621837000},"page":"155-163","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Cost\u2010Effectiveness of Glaucoma Interventions in Barbados and Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"John S.","family":"Wittenborn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Economics Program RTI International Research Triangle Park North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David B.","family":"Rein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Economics Program RTI International Research Triangle Park North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"953","volume-title":"Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries","author":"Cook J","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"844","article-title":"Global data on visual impairment in the year 2002","volume":"82","author":"Resnikoff S","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","volume-title":"Global Burden of Disease in 2002: Data Sources, Methods and Results","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1994.01090180121046","article-title":"The Barbados Eye Study. 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