{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T02:43:25Z","timestamp":1782787405799,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,1]],"date-time":"2010-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1291161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,1]],"date-time":"2010-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1291161600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005341","name":"American Optometric Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CT11663"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CT11663"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["497230"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["497230"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000901","name":"Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8\u20102008\u2010362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8\u20102008\u2010362"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000901","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["OVS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective of this study was to explore the discriminative capacity of non\u2010contact corneal esthesiometry (NCCE) when compared with the neuropathy disability score (NDS) score\u2014a validated, standard method of diagnosing clinically significant diabetic neuropathy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eighty\u2010one participants with type 2 diabetes, no history of ocular disease, trauma, or surgery and no history of systemic disease that may affect the cornea were enrolled. Participants were ineligible if there was history of neuropathy due to non\u2010diabetic cause or current diabetic foot ulcer or infection. Corneal sensitivity threshold was measured on the eye of dominant hand side at a distance of 10 mm from the center of the cornea using a stimulus duration of 0.9 s. The NDS was measured producing a score ranging from 0 to 10. To determine the optimal cutoff point of corneal sensitivity that identified the presence of neuropathy (diagnosed by NDS), the Youden index and \u201cclosest\u2010to\u2010(0,1)\u201d criteria were used.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The receiver\u2010operator characteristic curve for NCCE for the presence of neuropathy (NDS \u22653) had an area under the curve of 0.73 (p = 0.001) and, for the presence of moderate neuropathy (NDS \u22656), area of 0.71 (p = 0.003). By using the Youden index, for an NDS \u22653, the sensitivity of NCCE was 70% and specificity was 75%, and a corneal sensitivity threshold of 0.66 mbar or higher indicated the presence of neuropathy. When NDS \u22656 (indicating risk of foot ulceration) was applied, the sensitivity was 52% with a specificity of 85%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NCCE is a sensitive test for the diagnosis of minimal and more advanced diabetic neuropathy and may serve as a useful surrogate marker for diabetic and perhaps other neuropathies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0b013e3181fd6188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,29]],"date-time":"2010-10-29T05:06:26Z","timestamp":1288328786000},"page":"1003-1008","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Corneal Sensitivity as an Ophthalmic Marker of Diabetic Neuropathy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Nicola","family":"Pritchard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Vagenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayda M.","family":"Shahidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoff P.","family":"Sampson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony W.","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology Princess Alexandra Hospital Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rayaz A.","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine University of Manchester and Central Manchester Foundation Trust United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Efron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.21.7.1071","article-title":"Multicenter study of the incidence of and predictive risk factors for diabetic neuropathic foot ulceration","volume":"21","author":"Abbott CA","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.9.1479","article-title":"Risk factors for severity of diabetic polyneuropathy: intensive longitudinal assessment of the Rochester Diabetic Neuropathy Study cohort","volume":"22","author":"Dyck PJ","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-004-1663-5","article-title":"Sural nerve pathology in diabetic patients with minimal but progressive neuropathy","volume":"48","author":"Malik RA","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-008-0872-0","article-title":"Early diabetic neuropathy: thermal thresholds and intraepidermal nerve fibre density in patients with normal nerve conduction studies","volume":"255","author":"Loseth S","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-0285","article-title":"Surrogate markers of small fiber damage in human diabetic neuropathy","volume":"56","author":"Quattrini C","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20732","article-title":"Intraepidermal nerve fiber density as a marker of early diabetic neuropathy","volume":"35","author":"Umapathi T","year":"2007","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s004010000287","article-title":"Sural nerve fibre pathology in diabetic patients with mild neuropathy: relationship to pain, quantitative sensory testing and peripheral nerve electrophysiology","volume":"101","author":"Malik RA","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-003-1086-8","article-title":"Corneal confocal microscopy: a non\u2010invasive surrogate of nerve fibre damage and repair in diabetic patients","volume":"46","author":"Malik RA","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-0175","article-title":"Corneal sensitivity is reduced and relates to the severity of neuropathy in patients with diabetes","volume":"30","author":"Tavakoli M","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"532","article-title":"Reliability of the non\u2010contact corneal aesthesiometer and its comparison with the Cochet\u2010Bonnet aesthesiometer","volume":"18","author":"Murphy PJ","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0689","article-title":"Noninvasive assessment of corneal sensitivity in young and elderly diabetic and nondiabetic subjects","volume":"45","author":"Murphy PJ","year":"2004","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.1996.95001026.x","article-title":"A new non\u2010contact corneal aesthesiometer (NCCA)","volume":"16","author":"Murphy PJ","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","first-page":"513","article-title":"Measurement of corneal sensitivity to mechanical and chemical stimulation with a CO2 esthesiometer","volume":"40","author":"Belmonte C","year":"1999","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2005.00295.x","article-title":"Corneal mechanical sensitivity measurement using a staircase technique","volume":"25","author":"Golebiowski B","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00400697","article-title":"A multicentre study of the prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in the United Kingdom hospital clinic population","volume":"36","author":"Young MJ","year":"1993","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.308.6943.1552","article-title":"Diagnostic tests. 1: Sensitivity and specificity","volume":"308","author":"Altman DG","year":"1994","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.309.6948.188","article-title":"Diagnostic tests 3: receiver operating characteristic plots","volume":"309","author":"Altman DG","year":"1994","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.10.011","article-title":"Maximization of the sum of sensitivity and specificity as a diagnostic cutpoint criterion","volume":"61","author":"Kaivanto K","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/39.4.561","article-title":"Receiver\u2010operating characteristic (ROC) plots: a fundamental evaluation tool in clinical medicine","volume":"39","author":"Zweig MH","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2002.00698.x","article-title":"The North\u2010West Diabetes Foot Care Study: incidence of, and risk factors for, new diabetic foot ulceration in a community\u2010based patient cohort","volume":"19","author":"Abbott CA","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj063","article-title":"The inconsistency of \u201coptimal\u201d cutpoints obtained using two criteria based on the receiver operating characteristic curve","volume":"163","author":"Perkins NJ","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.309.6947.102","article-title":"Diagnostic tests 2: Predictive values","volume":"309","author":"Altman DG","year":"1994","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.1016","article-title":"Accuracy of monofilament testing to diagnose peripheral neuropathy: a systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Dros J","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.5.1169","article-title":"Validation of a Novel Screening Device (NeuroQuick) for Quantitative Assessment of Small Nerve Fiber Dysfunction as an Early Feature of Diabetic Polyneuropathy","volume":"28","author":"Ziegler D","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-008-0987-y","article-title":"The Neuropad test: a visual indicator test for human diabetic neuropathy","volume":"51","author":"Quattrini C","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.23.6.750","article-title":"Diabetic neuropathy examination: A hierarchical scoring system to diagnose distal polyneuropathy in diabetics","volume":"23","author":"Meijer J\u2010WG","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","unstructured":"TavakoliM QuattriniC AbbottCA KallinikosP MarshallA FinniganJ EfronN AJB MalikRA. Corneal confocal microscopy: an in vivo non\u2010invasive test to diagnose and stratify the severity of human diabetic neuropathy.Diabetes Carein press."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0953-4431(96)83686-1","article-title":"Editorial: systemic disease theme issue","volume":"8","author":"Atkin SR","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clinical Eye and Vision Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(77)90042-X","article-title":"Ocular manifestations of sickle hemoglobinopathies","volume":"21","author":"Nagpal KC","year":"1977","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.1994.tb02374.x","article-title":"An audit of disease diagnoses made by optometrists","volume":"77","author":"Cockburn DM","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Optometry"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3442","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.05379.x","article-title":"Orbital myositis associated with ulcerative colitis","volume":"96","author":"Jain S","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"}],"container-title":["Optometry and Vision Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181fd6188","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181fd6188","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181fd6188","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T11:35:10Z","timestamp":1774956910000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181fd6188"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181fd6188"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/opx.0b013e3181fd6188","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-5488","1538-9235"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-5488","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-9235","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]}}}