{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T19:18:42Z","timestamp":1781551122604,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,1]],"date-time":"2011-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1293840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,1]],"date-time":"2011-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1293840000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["OVS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The history of glaucoma pharmacology begins in 1862 with the isolation of physostigmine from the calabar bean. The discovery of epinephrine's intraocular pressure lowering capacity came along some 40 years later. During the 20th century, drug discovery and development accelerated, with the introduction of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, beta blockers, and prostaglandin analogs. This survey of the history of glaucoma medications reviews some of the pivotal stories behind the development of the drugs that we use daily to manage our patients with glaucoma. In addition, some unmet needs that persist in glaucoma pharmacology are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0b013e3182058ead","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,3]],"date-time":"2010-12-03T04:05:13Z","timestamp":1291349113000},"page":"36-38","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["A History of Glaucoma Pharmacology"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Tony","family":"Realini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology West Virginia University Eye Institute West Virginia University Morgantown West Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_3_2_1","first-page":"203","volume-title":"The History of Ophthalmology","author":"Kronfeld PC","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_3_1","first-page":"262","volume-title":"100 Years of Progress in Glaucoma","author":"Krupen T","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(54)92027-9","article-title":"Decrease in intraocular pressure in man by a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, diamox; a preliminary report","volume":"37","author":"Becker B","year":"1954","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_5_1","first-page":"272","volume-title":"100 Years of Progress in Glaucoma","author":"Zimmerman TJ","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1977.04450040071009","article-title":"Timolol, dose response and duration of action","volume":"95","author":"Zimmerman TJ","year":"1977","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_7_1","first-page":"489","article-title":"Intraocular pressure decrease in normal volunteers following timolol ophthalmic solution","volume":"15","author":"Katz IM","year":"1976","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_8_1","first-page":"315","volume-title":"Textbook of Ocular Pharmacology","author":"Camras CB","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.3109\/02713688109001850","article-title":"Reduction of intraocular pressure in normal and glaucomatous primate (Aotus trivirgatus) eyes by topically applied prostaglandin F2 alpha","volume":"1","author":"Camras CB","year":"1981","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_10_1","unstructured":"Xalatan Patent Affirmed by Appeals Court.FDAnews Drug Daily Bulletin [serial online]. August 23 2005; volume 2 number 165. Available at:http:\/\/www.fdanews.com\/newsletter\/article?articleId=75604&issueId=7953. 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