{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T00:08:55Z","timestamp":1793837335430,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]],"date-time":"2011-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1296518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]],"date-time":"2011-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1296518400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["OVS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine whether there are significant differences in standard clinical measures of vision, progressive addition lens (PAL)\u2010specific vision tests, or subjective ratings and preferences between customized free\u2010form and standard non\u2010free\u2010form PALs in an experienced wearing population. In addition, we aim to determine whether subjective or objective clinical outcomes depend on demographic, PAL usage, spectacle prescription, or frame fitting characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a randomized, double\u2010masked cross\u2010over trial, 95 experienced wearers wore Zeiss Individual customized free\u2010form PAL spectacles (test) and standard non\u2010free\u2010form PAL spectacles (control) for 1 week each. At dispensing and after 1 week of wear, subjects were tested for distance and near visual acuity under both high and low contrast; in addition, 30\u00b0 off\u2010axis visual acuity was measured using a novel apparatus, as was the horizontal extent of clear, undistorted vision at reading distance. Subjects also completed a set of questionnaires detailing their satisfaction levels, adaptation times, and preferences for test or control spectacles for different visual tasks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The test spectacles were preferred overall and for distance, midrange, transitional and active vision, and rated higher in overall satisfaction (p = 0.006). There were no clinically important differences between test and control spectacles in standard clinical vision assessments. In the PAL\u2010specific assessments, however, the horizontal extent of clear vision at reading distance was significantly greater with the test spectacles (p = 0.004).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There were statistically significant preferences for the optically customized free\u2010form lenses over the non\u2010free\u2010form lenses. Subjects also reported a wider field of undistorted vision when looking through the reading zone of the test spectacles. Although standard clinical vision assessments are not sufficiently refined to detect important objective differences between the spectacle types, customization taking into account back vertex distance, segment height, pantoscopic tilt, and wrap angle can result in a superior subjective wearing experience for many PAL patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0b013e31820846ac","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,7]],"date-time":"2011-01-07T03:06:12Z","timestamp":1294369572000},"page":"234-243","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Clinical Assessment of a Customized Free\u2010Form Progressive Add Lens Spectacle"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Susan C.","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center School of Optometry University of California Berkeley Berkeley California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center School of Optometry University of California Berkeley Berkeley California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng C.","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center School of Optometry University of California Berkeley Berkeley California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","first-page":"706","article-title":"Comparison of the acceptance of progressive addition multifocal vs. a standard multifocal lens design","volume":"56","author":"Hitzeman SA","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Am Optom Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","first-page":"296","article-title":"Lined multifocal wearers prefer progressive addition lenses","volume":"66","author":"Boroyan HJ","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Optom Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1989.tb00837.x","article-title":"Analysis of a progressive addition lens population","volume":"9","author":"Sullivan CM","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0b013e3181a1435e","article-title":"Effect of presbyopic vision corrections on perceptions of driving difficulty","volume":"35","author":"Chu BS","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","first-page":"607","article-title":"Modern optical design assessment and spectacle lenses","volume":"32","author":"Atchison D","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Mod Opt"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199504000-00006","article-title":"Oblique central refraction in spherocylindrical corrections with both faceform and pantoscopic tilt","volume":"72","author":"Keating MP","year":"1995","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1097\/01.opx.0000181266.60785.c9","article-title":"Progressive powered lenses: the Minkwitz theorem","volume":"82","author":"Sheedy JE","year":"2005","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2008.00246.x","article-title":"Progress in the spectacle correction of presbyopia. Part 2: modern progressive lens technologies","volume":"91","author":"Meister DJ","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","first-page":"933","article-title":"Double masked study of progressive addition lenses","volume":"51","author":"Borish IM","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Am Optom Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-9-54","article-title":"The VEPRO trial: a cross\u2010over randomised controlled trial comparing 2 progressive lenses for patients with presbyopia","volume":"9","author":"Boutron I","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2009.08.004","article-title":"Right visual field advantage in parafoveal processing: evidence from eye\u2010fixation\u2010related potentials","volume":"111","author":"Simola J","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Lang"}],"container-title":["Optometry and Vision Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31820846ac","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31820846ac","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31820846ac","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T06:22:40Z","timestamp":1774938160000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31820846ac"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31820846ac"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/opx.0b013e31820846ac","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-5488","1538-9235"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-5488","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-9235","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]}}}