{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T06:56:39Z","timestamp":1791960999330,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]],"date-time":"2011-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1296518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]],"date-time":"2011-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1296518400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["OVS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To characterize and compare progressive addition lens (PAL) surfaces in terms of the Zernike polynomials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examine the spherocylindrical characteristics of PALs by performing a physical surface height measurement of three lenses. Surface shape is described as the sum of Zernike polynomials. These data were used to analyze and compare each surface, using the second derivatives of surface height. We compare PALs to each other and to a prototypical progressive surface, i.e., the Alvarez lens surface.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The high order freeform surfaces of PALs produce a gradient of spherical power across the lens aperture and also a profile of astigmatic power with high order aberration. Each lens is similar to the Alvarez surface, but each has characteristics that differentiate it from the others. Each high order Zernike term contributes sphere and\/or astigmatism, and aberration, to the surface.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This approach to PAL analysis, in which the entire lens surface is defined and expressed as the sum of Zernike polynomial terms, is different from most previous approaches in which a lens is described as an array of subapertures. It is potentially an efficient and useful method for defining and designing PAL surfaces.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0b013e3182084807","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,31]],"date-time":"2010-12-31T12:26:15Z","timestamp":1293798375000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Whole\u2010Surface Characterization of Progressive Addition Lenses"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Thomas W.","family":"Raasch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Optometry, The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijuan","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated Systems Engineering College of Engineering Columbus Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allen","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated Systems Engineering College of Engineering Columbus Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198909000-00001","article-title":"Grating visual acuity testing as a means of psychophysical assessment of progressive addition lenses","volume":"66","author":"Sullivan CM","year":"1989","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200208000-00012","article-title":"Assessing visual performance with progressive addition lenses","volume":"79","author":"Selenow A","year":"2002","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_2","first-page":"527","article-title":"Relationship between contour plots and the limits of \u201cclear and comfortable\u201d vision in the near zone of progressive addition lenses","volume":"74","author":"Fisher 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