{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T23:53:01Z","timestamp":1775001181728,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,1]],"date-time":"2011-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1306886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,1]],"date-time":"2011-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1306886400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EY019510 (JM)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY019510 (JM)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EY014275 (MS)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY014275 (MS)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EY008301 (KA)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY008301 (KA)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EY008520 (RA)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY008520 (RA)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EY019105 (RA)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY019105 (RA)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EY001792"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY001792"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["OVS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the relative contributions of optical and non\u2010optical sources of intrinsic blur to variations in visual acuity (VA) among normally sighted subjects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Best\u2010corrected VA of 16 normally sighted subjects was measured using briefly presented (59 ms) tumbling E optotypes that were either unblurred or blurred through convolution with Gaussian functions of different widths. A standard model of intrinsic blur was used to estimate each subject's equivalent intrinsic blur (\u03c3\n                      <jats:sub>int<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and VA for the unblurred tumbling E (MAR\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      ). For 14 subjects, a radially averaged optical point spread function due to higher\u2010order aberrations was derived by Shack\u2010Hartmann aberrometry and fit with a Gaussian function. The standard deviation of the best\u2010fit Gaussian function defined optical blur (\u03c3\n                      <jats:sub>opt<\/jats:sub>\n                      ). An index of non\u2010optical blur (\u03b7) was defined as 1 \u2212 \u03c3\n                      <jats:sub>opt<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/\u03c3\n                      <jats:sub>int<\/jats:sub>\n                      . A control experiment was conducted on five subjects to evaluate the effect of stimulus duration on MAR\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      and \u03c3\n                      <jats:sub>int.<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) for the briefly presented E was correlated significantly with log \u03c3\n                      <jats:sub>int<\/jats:sub>\n                      (r = 0.95, p &lt; 0.01), consistent with previous work. However, logMAR\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      was not correlated significantly with log \u03c3\n                      <jats:sub>opt<\/jats:sub>\n                      (r = 0.46, p = 0.11). For subjects with logMAR\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      equivalent to \u223c20\/20 or better, logMAR\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      was independent of log \u03b7, whereas for subjects with larger logMAR\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      values, logMAR\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      was proportional to log \u03b7. The control experiment showed a statistically significant effect of stimulus duration on logMAR\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      (p &lt; 0.01) but a non\u2010significant effect on \u03c3\n                      <jats:sub>int<\/jats:sub>\n                      (p = 0.13).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The relative contributions of optical and non\u2010optical blur to VA varied among the subjects and were related to the subject's VA. Evaluating optical and non\u2010optical blur may be useful for predicting changes in VA following procedures that improve the optics of the eye in patients with both optical and non\u2010optical sources of VA loss.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0b013e3182147202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]],"date-time":"2011-04-01T05:54:55Z","timestamp":1301637295000},"page":"716-723","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Contributions of Optical and Non\u2010Optical Blur to Variation in Visual Acuity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"J. 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