{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T06:07:33Z","timestamp":1791094053047,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]],"date-time":"2011-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1314835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]],"date-time":"2011-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1314835200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["OVS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To study and analyze astigmatism and its characteristics in a cross\u2010sectional study of schoolchildren from Dezful, Iran.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a cross\u2010sectional study using random cluster sampling on 460 schools in Dezful (clusters), 39 clusters were selected. The study was conducted after coordinating with schools and obtaining written consent from students' parents. Cycloplegic refraction was done for primary and junior high school students and non\u2010cycloplegic refraction was done for high school students. Astigmatism was defined as the cylinder power of 0.75 diopter (D) or more.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 5726 selected students, 5544 (96.8%) participated in the study. The prevalence of astigmatism was 13.47% (95% confidence interval: 11.90 to 15.04) and was not significantly related to age and gender. Regarding axis, 45.76, 48.14, and 6.09% of astigmatic schoolchildren had with\u2010the\u2010rule (WTR), against\u2010the\u2010rule (ATR), and oblique astigmatism, respectively. An increase in age was accompanied by a decrease in the prevalence of WTR astigmatism and an increase in the prevalence of ATR astigmatism (p &lt; 0.001). The association between astigmatism and myopia [odds ratio = 8.81] was stronger than its association with hyperopia (odds ratio = 3.81). Those with high values of spherical error had high values of cylindrical error, as well. Mean sphere in WTR, ATR, and oblique astigmatism was 1.93, 1.37, and 0.88 D, respectively (p &lt; 0.001). The highest values of spherical refractive error were observed in WTR astigmatism group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of ATR astigmatism was high in this study. It appears that the decrease in the prevalence of WTR and the increase in the prevalence of ATR astigmatism as a result of aging happened earlier in our study compared with other studies. Astigmatism was found to have a strong correlation with myopia, although individuals with high hyperopia also had high astigmatism. Individuals with high ametropia mostly had WTR astigmatism although the percentage of ATR astigmatism was high in those with low ametropia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0b013e318221727d","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,27]],"date-time":"2011-05-27T06:39:49Z","timestamp":1306478389000},"page":"1054-1059","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Characteristics of Astigmatism in a Population of Schoolchildren, Dezful, Iran"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Akbar","family":"Fotouhi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Public Health Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Hashemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Farabi Eye Hospital Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abbas Ali","family":"Yekta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazem","family":"Mohammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Public Health Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehdi Khabaz","family":"Khoob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(99)00453-5","article-title":"Refractive Error Study in 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