{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T04:08:35Z","timestamp":1790827715915,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]],"date-time":"2012-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1335830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]],"date-time":"2012-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1335830400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["OVS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the repeatability and measurement error associated with cone density and nearest neighbor distance (NND) estimates in images of the parafoveal cone mosaic obtained with an adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscope (AOSLO).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty\u2010one participants with no known ocular pathology were recruited. Four retinal locations, approximately 0.65\u00b0 eccentricity from the center of fixation, were imaged 10 times in randomized order with an AOSLO. Cone coordinates in each image were identified using an automated algorithm (with or without manual correction) from which cone density and NND were calculated. Owing to naturally occurring fixational instability, the 10 images recorded from a given location did not overlap entirely. We thus analyzed each image set both before and after alignment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Automated estimates of cone density on the unaligned image sets showed a coefficient of repeatability of 11,769 cones\/mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      (17.1%). The primary reason for this variability appears to be fixational instability, as aligning the 10 images to include the exact same retinal area results in an improved repeatability of 4358 cones\/mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      (6.4%) using completely automated cone identification software. Repeatability improved further by manually identifying cones missed by the automated algorithm, with a coefficient of repeatability of 1967 cones\/mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      (2.7%). NND showed improved repeatability and was generally insensitive to the undersampling by the automated algorithm.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As our data were collected in a young, healthy population, this likely represents a best\u2010case estimate for corresponding measurements in patients with retinal disease. Similar studies need to be carried out on other imaging systems (including those using different imaging modalities, wavefront correction technology, and\/or image analysis software), as repeatability would be expected to be highly sensitive to initial image quality and the performance of cone identification algorithms. Separate studies addressing intersession repeatability and interobserver reliability are also needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0b013e3182540562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,13]],"date-time":"2012-04-13T08:39:49Z","timestamp":1334306389000},"page":"632-643","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":134,"title":["Repeatability of\n                    <i>In Vivo<\/i>\n                    Parafoveal Cone Density and Spacing Measurements"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Robert","family":"Garrioch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Summer Program for Undergraduate Research Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee Wisconsin"},{"name":"Optometry and Vision Sciences Cardiff University Cardiff United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Langlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Scientist Training Program Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee Wisconsin"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, &amp; Anatomy Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam M.","family":"Dubis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, &amp; Anatomy Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert F.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Marquette University Milwaukee Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Dubra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Marquette University Milwaukee Wisconsin"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee Wisconsin"},{"name":"Department of Biophysics Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, &amp; Anatomy Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee Wisconsin"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Marquette University Milwaukee Wisconsin"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee Wisconsin"},{"name":"Department of Biophysics Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2884","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.14.002884","article-title":"Supernormal vision and high\u2010resolution retinal imaging through adaptive optics","volume":"14","author":"Liang J","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Opt Soc Am (A)"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2010.221","article-title":"Imaging retinal mosaics in the living eye","volume":"25","author":"Rossi EA","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1038\/17383","article-title":"The arrangement of the three cone classes in the living human eye","volume":"397","author":"Roorda A","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9669","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2414-05.2005","article-title":"Organization of the human trichromatic cone mosaic","volume":"25","author":"Hofer H","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4580","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0094","article-title":"The reflectance of single cones in the living human eye","volume":"44","author":"Pallikaris A","year":"2003","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16141","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.15.016141","article-title":"In vivo functional imaging of human cone photoreceptors","volume":"15","author":"Jonnal RS","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt Express"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3782","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.34.003782","article-title":"Variable optical activation of human cone photoreceptors visualized using a short coherence light source","volume":"34","author":"Rha J","year":"2009","journal-title":"Opt Lett"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5257","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.18.005257","article-title":"Imaging outer segment renewal in living human cone photoreceptors","volume":"18","author":"Jonnal RS","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt Express"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.2.002577","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variation of rod photoreceptor reflectance in the human retina","volume":"2","author":"Cooper RF","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomed Opt Express"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1167\/2.5.4","article-title":"Optical fiber properties of individual human cones","volume":"2","author":"Roorda A","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.25.003021","article-title":"Adaptive\u2010optics imaging of human cone photoreceptor distribution","volume":"25","author":"Chui TY","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Opt Soc Am (A)"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.24.001358","article-title":"Automated identification of cone photoreceptors in adaptive optics retinal images","volume":"24","author":"Li KY","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Opt Soc Am (A)"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.24.001438","article-title":"Adaptive optics retinal imaging reveals S\u2010cone dystrophy in tritan color\u2010vision deficiency","volume":"24","author":"Baraas RC","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Opt Soc Am (A)"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3283","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-1422","article-title":"High\u2010resolution imaging with adaptive optics in patients with inherited retinal degeneration","volume":"48","author":"Duncan JL","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2465","article-title":"The relationship between visual resolution and cone spacing in the human fovea","volume":"13","author":"Rossi EA","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4679","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2135","article-title":"Individual variations in human cone photoreceptor packing density: variations with refractive error","volume":"49","author":"Chui TY","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6858","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5499","article-title":"Intersubject variability of foveal cone photoreceptor density in relation to eye length","volume":"51","author":"Li KY","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7376","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7199","article-title":"Variation of cone photoreceptor packing density with retinal eccentricity and age","volume":"52","author":"Song H","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0997","article-title":"In vivo imaging of the photoreceptor mosaic in retinal dystrophies and correlations with visual function","volume":"47","author":"Choi SS","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20948","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0910128106","article-title":"Cone photoreceptor mosaic disruption associated with Cys203Arg mutation in the M\u2010cone opsin","volume":"106","author":"Carroll J","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2010.07.009","article-title":"Deletion of the X\u2010linked opsin gene array locus control region (LCR) results in disruption of the cone mosaic","volume":"50","author":"Carroll J","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6549","article-title":"Cone structure in retinal degeneration associated with mutations in the peripherin\/RDS gene","volume":"52","author":"Duncan JL","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7298","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7762","article-title":"Photoreceptor structure and function in patients with congenital achromatopsia","volume":"52","author":"Genead MA","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6479","article-title":"Longitudinal study of cone photoreceptors during retinal degeneration and in response to ciliary neurotrophic factor treatment","volume":"52","author":"Talcott KE","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1399-9_35","article-title":"Spectral domain optical coherence tomography and adaptive optics: imaging photoreceptor layer morphology to interpret preclinical phenotypes","volume":"664","author":"Rha J","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_2","article-title":"Adaptive optics SLO imaging of macular photoreceptors: variations in automated cone density measurements based on confocal pinhole diameter","volume":"52","author":"Boretsky A","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8461","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401440101","article-title":"Functional photoreceptor loss revealed with adaptive optics: an alternate cause of color blindness","volume":"101","author":"Carroll J","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.2.001757","article-title":"Reflective afocal broadband adaptive optics scanning ophthalmoscope","volume":"2","author":"Dubra A","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomed Opt Express"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.2.001864","article-title":"Noninvasive imaging of the human rod photoreceptor mosaic using a confocal adaptive optics scanning ophthalmoscope","volume":"2","author":"Dubra A","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomed Opt Express"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-14366-3_6","volume-title":"Biomedical Image Registration","author":"Dubra A","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.313.7049.106","article-title":"Measurement error proportional to the mean","volume":"313","author":"Bland JM","year":"1996","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902920402","article-title":"Human photoreceptor topography","volume":"292","author":"Curcio CA","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.2.002189","article-title":"Observation of cone and rod photoreceptors in normal subjects and patients using a new generation adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope","volume":"2","author":"Merino D","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomed Opt Express"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1017\/S095252380001049X","article-title":"The density recovery profile: a method for the analysis of points in the plane applicable to retinal studies","volume":"6","author":"Rodieck RW","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vis Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800007094","article-title":"Spatial properties of retinal mosaics: an empirical evaluation of some existing measures","volume":"13","author":"Cook JE","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vis Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3281","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6538","article-title":"Cone photoreceptor abnormalities correlate with vision loss in patients with Stargardt disease","volume":"52","author":"Chen Y","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"}],"container-title":["Optometry and Vision Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3182540562","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3182540562","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3182540562","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T06:31:11Z","timestamp":1774938671000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3182540562"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3182540562"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/opx.0b013e3182540562","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-5488","1538-9235"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-5488","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-9235","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]}}}