{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T06:37:54Z","timestamp":1787985474016,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]],"date-time":"2012-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1341100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]],"date-time":"2012-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1341100800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["OVS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To characterize astigmatism as a function of age in a Hong Kong clinical population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All records from new clinical patients at a university optometry clinic in the year 2007 were used for the study. Only data from subjects with corrected visual acuity \u22656\/9 in both eyes and with completed subjective refraction were analyzed. The subjects were divided into seven age groups by decade (i.e., 3 to 10 years, 11 to 20 years, \u2026, &gt;60 years). Refractive errors were decomposed into spherical\u2010equivalent refractive error (M), J0, and J45 astigmatic components for analyses. Internal astigmatism was calculated by subtracting corneal astigmatism from refractive astigmatism (RA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 2759 cases that fulfilled our selection criteria, 58.9% had myopia (M \u2265\u22120.75 D) and 28.4% had RA (Cyl \u2265 1.00 D). The prevalence of RA increased from 17.8% in the 3 to 10 years age group to 38.1% in the 21 to 30 years age group. It then dipped to 25.8% in 41 to 50 years age group but increased again to 41.8% in the &gt;60 years age group. Among the astigmats, almost all 3\u2010 to 10\u2010year\u2010old children (92.6%) had with\u2010the\u2010rule (WTR) astigmatism, but a majority of the elderly (&gt;60 years) had against\u2010the\u2010rule (ATR) astigmatism (79.7%). For a subset of subjects who had both subjective refraction and keratometric readings (n = 883), RA was more strongly correlated with corneal (r = 0.35 to 0.74) than with internal astigmatism (r = 0.01 to 0.35). More importantly, the magnitudes of both refractive and corneal J0 were consistent with synchronized decrements (\u22120.15 and \u22120.14 D per 10 years, respectively) after the age of 30 years, indicating that the shift toward more ATR astigmatism was related to corneal change.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this Hong Kong Chinese clinical population, the prevalence rates of both myopia and astigmatism increased during the first three decades and shared a similar trend before the age of 50 years. The manifest astigmatism was mainly corneal in nature, bilaterally mirror symmetric in axis, and shifted from predominantly WTR to ATR with age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0b013e31825da156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,15]],"date-time":"2012-06-15T06:54:23Z","timestamp":1339743263000},"page":"984-992","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Characteristics of Astigmatism as a Function of Age in a Hong Kong Clinical Population"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Tsz\u2010Wing","family":"Leung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom Kowloon Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew Kwok\u2010Cheung","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom Kowloon Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New England College of Optometry Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chea\u2010Su","family":"Kee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom Kowloon Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)90251-8","article-title":"Refractive errors in an older population: the Blue Mountains Eye Study","volume":"106","author":"Attebo K","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"643","article-title":"Development of refractive errors into old age","volume":"79","author":"Haegerstrom\u2010Portnoy 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